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The Federation Council (Russian: Сове́т Федера́ции – Soviet Federatsii, common abbreviation: Совфед – Sovfed), or Senate (officially, starting from July 1, 2020) (Russian: Сенат, romanized: Senat), is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (the parliament of the Russian Federation), according to the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation. Each of the 89 federal subjects of Russia – consisting of 24 republics, 48 oblasts, nine krais, three federal cities, four autonomous okrugs, and one autonomous oblast – sends two senators to the Council, for a total membership of 170 Senators. In addition, the Constitution also provides for senators from the Russian Federation, which can be no more than thirty (up to seven of them for life), as well as (optionally) former presidents as l

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