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- The doctrine of necessity is the basis on which extra-constitutional actions by administrative authority, which are designed to restore order or attain power on the pretext of stability, are considered to be lawful even if such an action contravenes established constitution, laws, norms, or conventions. The maxim on which the doctrine is based originated in the writings of the medieval jurist Henry de Bracton, and similar justifications for this kind of extra-legal action have been advanced by more recent legal authorities, including William Blackstone. In a controversial 1954 judgment, Pakistani Chief Justice Muhammad Munir validated the extra-constitutional use of emergency powers by Governor General, Ghulam Mohammad. In his judgment, the Chief Justice cited Bracton's maxim, 'that which is otherwise not lawful is made lawful by necessity', thereby providing the label that would come to be attached to the judgment and the doctrine that it was establishing. The doctrine of necessity may also refer to the necessity of a judge with a reasonable apprehension of bias continuing to decide a matter if there is no alternative to that judge. The Supreme Court of Canada applied this doctrine in the 1998 Reference re Remuneration of Judges (No 2) case. (en)
- La doctrine de la nécessité est un principe politique et une position de jurisprudence, développée pour la première fois en 1955 au Pakistan, visant à légaliser a posteriori des actions exécutives contraires à la Constitution ou à la loi. Elle a été également utilisée à Grenade en 1985 et au Nigeria en 2010. Les tenants de cette doctrine se sont notamment appuyés sur des principes plus anciens comme celui de Henry de Bracton de « légalité par nécessité ». (fr)
- Il principio di necessità è un principio generale dell'ordinamento che giustifica, in presenza di circostanze eccezionali, la violazione o la deroga del diritto normalmente vigente da parte delle autorità pubbliche o dei privati. Il principio è espresso dal brocardo Necessitas non habet legem, di origine canonistica medievale, che riformula una massima già presente nella letteratura latina dell'età ciceroniana (Publilio Siro) e augustea (Seneca il Vecchio). (it)
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- La doctrine de la nécessité est un principe politique et une position de jurisprudence, développée pour la première fois en 1955 au Pakistan, visant à légaliser a posteriori des actions exécutives contraires à la Constitution ou à la loi. Elle a été également utilisée à Grenade en 1985 et au Nigeria en 2010. Les tenants de cette doctrine se sont notamment appuyés sur des principes plus anciens comme celui de Henry de Bracton de « légalité par nécessité ». (fr)
- Il principio di necessità è un principio generale dell'ordinamento che giustifica, in presenza di circostanze eccezionali, la violazione o la deroga del diritto normalmente vigente da parte delle autorità pubbliche o dei privati. Il principio è espresso dal brocardo Necessitas non habet legem, di origine canonistica medievale, che riformula una massima già presente nella letteratura latina dell'età ciceroniana (Publilio Siro) e augustea (Seneca il Vecchio). (it)
- The doctrine of necessity is the basis on which extra-constitutional actions by administrative authority, which are designed to restore order or attain power on the pretext of stability, are considered to be lawful even if such an action contravenes established constitution, laws, norms, or conventions. The maxim on which the doctrine is based originated in the writings of the medieval jurist Henry de Bracton, and similar justifications for this kind of extra-legal action have been advanced by more recent legal authorities, including William Blackstone. (en)
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- Doctrine of necessity (en)
- Doctrine de la nécessité (fr)
- Principio di necessità (it)
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