About: James Callaghan

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dbo:abstract	جيمس كالاهان (بالإنجليزية: James Callaghan)‏ سياسي بريطاني من حزب العمال (27 مارس 1912- 26 مارس 2005). كان رئيساً لوزراء بريطانيا من 5 أبريل 1976 إلى 4 مايو 1979، وزعيم حزب العمال من 1976 إلى 1980. كالاهان هو حتى الآن السياسي الوحيد في التاريخ الذي خدم في كل أربعة من «المكاتب الكبرى للدولة»، بعد أن كان وزير الخزانة من 1964 إلى 1967، وزير الداخلية من 1967 إلى 1970، ووزير الخارجية من عام 1974، حتى تعيينه رئيس الوزراء في عام 1976. رئيسا للوزراء، كان لديه بعض النجاحات، ولكن تذكر أساساً للأزمة «شتاء السخط» في 1978-1979. خلال فصل الشتاء البارد جدا، أدت معركته مع النقابات العمالية إلى ضربات هائلة تسببت في إزعاج الشعب بشكل خطير، مما أدى إلى هزيمته من قبل مارغريت ثاتشر. كبرلماني جديد في عام 1945 كان على يسار الحزب؛ انتقل بشكل ثابت إلى اليمين لكنه حفظ على سمعته ب «حارس غطاء القماش»، وهو ما كان ينظر إليه على أنه مكرس للحفاظ على علاقات وثيقة بين الحزب ونقابات العمال. تزامنت فترة كالاهان كوزير الخزانة مع فترة مضطربة للاقتصاد البريطاني، حيث كان عليه أن يتصارع مع عجز في ميزان المدفوعات والهجمات المضاربة على الجنيه الإسترليني (سعر صرفه إلى العملات الأخرى تم إصلاحه تقريبا من قبل نظام بريتون وودز) وفي 18 نوفمبر 1967، خفضت الحكومة الجنيه الإسترليني. أصبح كالاهان وزير الداخلية. وأرسل الجيش البريطاني لدعم الشرطة في أيرلندا الشمالية، بعد طلب من حكومة أيرلندا الشمالية. بعد أن خسر حزب العمال انتخابات عام 1970، لعب كالاهان دورا رئيسياً في مجلس المعارض. وقد أصبح وزيرا للخارجية في عام 1974، وتولى مسؤولية إعادة التفاوض بشأن شروط عضوية بريطانيا في السوق الأوروبية المشتركة، ودعم تصويت «نعم» في استفتاء عام 1975 للبقاء في السوق الأوروبية الاقتصادية. عندما استقال رئيس الوزراء هارولد ويلسون في عام 1976، هزم كالاهان خمسة مرشحين آخرين ليتم انتخابهُ كبديل له. وكان حزب العمال قد فقد بالفعل الأغلبية الصغيرة في مجلس العموم في الوقت الذي أصبح رئيساً للوزراء، واضطر هزائم الانتخابات والانشقاقات عن الحزب كالاهان للتعامل مع الأحزاب الصغيرة مثل الحزب الليبرالي، وخاصة في «ميثاق اليبرالي العمالي» من 1977 إلى 1978. النزاعات الصناعية والإضرابات واسعة النطاق في عام 1978 في أزمة «شتاء السخط» جعلت حكومة كالاهان غير شعبية، وهزيمة الاستفتاء على نقل قوات سياسية إلى إسكتلندا أدى إلى النجاح في تمرير اقتراح عدم الثقة فيه في 28 مارس 1979. وأعقب ذلك هزيمة في الانتخابات العامة. ظل كالاهان زعيم حزب العمال حتى نوفمبر 1980، لإصلاح العملية التي انتخب الحزب من خلالها زعيمه، قبل أن يعود إلى المقاعد الخلفية في مجلس العموم حيث بقى حتى أصبح من نبيل الحياة في مجلس اللوردات مثل بارون كالاهان من كارديف. (ar) Leonard James Callaghan, baron Callaghan z Cardiffu, KG, PC (27. března 1912 Portsmouth – 26. března 2005 Ringmer) byl britský politik, v letech 1976-1979 zastával úřad předsedy vlády. (cs) Leonard James Callaghan, Baró Callaghan de Cardiff KG PC (27 de març de 1912 – 26 de març de 2005), polític laborista que fou Primer Ministre del Regne Unit entre 1976 i 1979, i Lord vitalici des de 1987. Fou un polític popular, moderat i optimista, fet que li va fer guanyar-se l'afectuós sobrenom de Sunny Jim (Alegre Jim). (ca) Ο Σερ Λέοναρντ Τζέιμς Κάλαχαν, Βαρώνος Κάλαχαν του Κάρντιφ (αγγλικά: Leonard James "Jim" Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, 27 Μαρτίου 1912 – 26 Μαρτίου 2005) ήταν Βρετανός πολιτικός, που υπηρέτησε ως Πρωθυπουργός του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου, από το 1976 έως το 1979. Διετέλεσε Ηγέτης του Εργατικού Κόμματος, από το 1976 έως το 1980. Υπηρέτησε επίσης, ως Αρχηγός της Α.Μ. Πλέον Πιστής Αντιπολίτευσης του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου, από το 1979 έως το 1980. Υπό τις του Χάρολντ Ουίλσον, χρημάτισε ως Υπουργός Εξωτερικών (1974-1976), ως Υπουργός Εσωτερικών (1967-1970), και ως Καγκελάριος του Θησαυροφυλακίου (Υπουργός Οικονομικών) (1964-1967). Ήταν μέλος της Βουλής των Λόρδων, από το 1987 έως το 2005. Υπηρέτησε ως βουλευτής της Βουλής των Κοινοτήτων του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου, για την εκλογική περιφέρεια του Κάρντιφ Σάουθ εντ Πέναρθ, από το 1945 έως το 1987. (el) Leonard James "Jim" CALLAGHAN, Barono Callaghan de Cardiff, Ordeno de la Ĝartero, (naskiĝis la 27-an de marto 1912 en Portsmouth, Hampshire; mortis la 26-an de marto 2005 en East Sussex, Anglio) estis brita politikisto organiziĝinta en la Labour Party. De 1976 ĝis 1979 li estis ĉefministro de Britio. (eo) Leonard James „Jim“ Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (* 27. März 1912 in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England; † 26. März 2005 in , East Sussex, England) war ein britischer Politiker der Labour Party und von 1976 bis 1979 Premierminister des Vereinigten Königreichs. (de) Leonard James Callaghan, Callaghan Cardiffeko baroia, (Portsmouth, 1912ko martxoaren 27a - , Ekialdeko Sussex, 2005eko martxoaren 26a) britainiar politikaria izan zen. Langile-familia batean sortu zen, eta gazterik, 17 urte zituela, hasi zen lanean administrazio publikoan. 1936an buru-belarri ekin zion sindikalgintzari. Bigarren Mundu Gerran, britainiar itsas armadan aritu zen, eta hori amaitzean heldu zion politikagintzari, Alderdi Laboristan betiere. 1945ean diputatu hautatu zuten Galesen, eta 1951 arte hainbat kargu izan zituen garraio-ministerioan. Harold Wilson laboristaren agintaldian hasi zen Callaghanen etengabeko gorako bidea: Finantza-ministro izan zen 1964-67 bitartean, dimititu egin behar izan bazuen ere, Erresuma Batuaren egoera ekonomiko eskasa zela-eta. Hurrengo agintaldian (1974-76) Atzerri-ministro izan zen. Alderdi Laboristaren buru hautatu zuten 1976an, Harold Wilsonen ordez, eta, horren ondorioz, Lehen ministro kargua ere bereganatu zuen. Britainiar ekonomiaren egoera txarrak, sindikatuek bultzatutako grebek eta Alderdi Kontserbadorearen oposizio gogorrak gobernuaren gainbehera eragin zuten, eta zentsura-mozio bat zela medio 1979an agintea galdu zuen. Margaret Thatcher kontserbadoreak bereganatu zuen Lehen ministro kargua. 1980an utzi egin zuen Callaghanek Alderdi Laboristaren idazkaritza nagusia. (eu) Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (/ˈkæləhæn/ KAL-ə-han; 27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005), commonly known as Jim Callaghan, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1976 to 1980. Callaghan is the only person to have held all four Great Offices of State, having served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1964 to 1967, Home Secretary from 1967 to 1970 and Foreign Secretary from 1974 to 1976. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1945 to 1987. Born into a working-class family in Portsmouth, Callaghan left school early and began his career as a tax inspector, before becoming a trade union official in the 1930s; he served as a lieutenant in the Royal Navy during the Second World War. He was elected to Parliament at the 1945 election, and was regarded as being on the left wing of the Labour Party. He was appointed to the Attlee government as a parliamentary secretary in 1947, and began to move increasingly towards the right wing of the Labour Party, while maintaining his reputation as a "Keeper of the Cloth Cap" – that is, seen as maintaining close ties between Labour and the trade unions. Following Labour's defeat at the 1951 election, Callaghan increasingly became regarded as the leader of the right wing of the Labour Party, and stood for the positions of deputy leader in 1960 and for leader in 1963, but was defeated by George Brown for the former and Harold Wilson for the latter. Following Labour's victory at the 1964 election, Wilson appointed Callaghan as Chancellor of the Exchequer; this appointment coincided with a turbulent period for the British economy, during which Callaghan had to tackle both a chronic balance of payments deficit and various speculative attacks on the pound sterling, with its exchange rate to other currencies being fixed by the Bretton Woods system. On 18 November 1967, having initially denied that it would do so, the Government devalued the pound sterling. In the wake of the decision, Wilson moved Callaghan to the role of Home Secretary. During this time, Callaghan was responsible for overseeing the operations of the British Army to support the police in Northern Ireland, following a request from the Northern Ireland government. Callaghan remained in the Shadow Cabinet during Labour's period in Opposition from 1970 to 1974; upon Labour's victory at the 1974 election, Wilson appointed Callaghan as Foreign Secretary. Callaghan was responsible for renegotiating the terms of Britain's membership of the European Communities (EC), and strongly supported the successful "Yes" vote campaign in the 1975 referendum, which confirmed the UK's membership of the EC. When Wilson suddenly announced his retirement in March 1976, Callaghan defeated five other candidates to be elected Leader of the Labour Party; he was appointed prime minister on 5 April 1976. Despite winning a narrow majority in the House of Commons at the 1974 election, Labour had lost this by the time Callaghan became prime minister, and several by-election defeats and defections in his early months forced Callaghan to strike a confidence and supply agreement with the Liberal Party. While this initially proved stable, in the wake of significant industrial disputes and widespread strikes in the 1978–79 "Winter of Discontent", and the defeat of the referendum on devolution for Scotland, led to minor parties joining the Conservatives to pass a motion of no-confidence in Callaghan on 28 March 1979. Although remaining personally popular in opinion polls, Callaghan led Labour to defeat at the 1979 election and was replaced by Margaret Thatcher. Callaghan initially remained as Labour leader, serving as Leader of the Opposition until November 1980. He attempted to reform the process by which Labour elected its leader. After leaving the leadership, he returned to the backbench, and between 1983 and 1987 was Father of the House of Commons. On retiring from the Commons in 1987, he was elevated to the House of Lords as Baron Callaghan of Cardiff. He died on 26 March 2005 and remains to date the UK's longest-lived former prime minister. (en) Leonard James Callaghan, dit James Callaghan et parfois surnommé Jim, Baron Callaghan de Cardiff, né le 27 mars 1912 à Portsmouth (Île de Portsea) et mort le 26 mars 2005 à Ringmer (Sussex de l'Est), est un homme d'État britannique, membre du Parti travailliste et Premier ministre du Royaume-Uni de 1976 à 1979. Entré au Parti travailliste en 1931, il s'impliqua fortement dans les Trade unions jusqu'à son entrée comme secrétaire parlementaire dans le gouvernement de Clement Attlee en octobre 1947. Devenu l'une des principales figures du Parti travailliste à la suite du retrait de Clement Attlee en 1955, il devint l'un des principaux collaborateurs d'Harold Wilson au sein du parti. À la suite de la victoire de son parti lors des élections générales de 1964, il fut nommé Chancelier de l'Échiquier par Harold Wilson. À ce poste, il fait voter un impôt sur les plus-values en 1965 pour tenter de résorber le déficit budgétaire qui ne cessait de se creuser depuis la fin des années 1940. Il occupe les principaux ministères régaliens en étant également Secrétaire d'État à l'Intérieur de novembre 1967 à juin 1970 puis Secrétaire d'État des Affaires étrangères et du Commonwealth après le retour du Parti travailliste au pouvoir en février 1974. L'annonce du départ surprise d'Harold Wilson en mars 1976 entraîna une consultation interne au Parti travailliste. Remportant le scrutin, il fut nommé Premier ministre par Élisabeth II après le départ effectif de Wilson, devenant la personne la plus âgée à accéder à ce poste depuis Winston Churchill en mai 1940. Son mandat fut marqué par les conséquences économiques liées à la récession consécutive à la Guerre du Kippour. L'économie britannique, déjà fragile, connut une inflation chronique durant la décennie 1970. Le Premier choc pétrolier et la Grève des mineurs de 1974 eurent également des conséquences non négligeables. En septembre 1976, le Royaume-Uni fut contraint de contracter un emprunt assez lourd auprès du Fonds monétaire international, au prix de concessions importantes. Callaghan fut contraint de mettre en œuvre une politique de rigueur, impopulaire auprès de la population, fortement affectée depuis plusieurs années. De plus, le Parti travailliste perdit la majorité absolue à la Chambre des communes en mars 1977, conduisant Callaghan à négocier un accord avec David Steel et le Parti libéral. Le fragile accord prit fin en septembre 1978, peu avant le début de « l'Hiver du mécontentement ». L'échec du gouvernement à prendre en compte le résultat du référendum de dévolution en Écosse conduisit au vote d'une motion de censure, déposée par la cheffe de l'opposition officielle et du Parti conservateur Margaret Thatcher. Ayant perdu la confiance de la Chambre des communes, il convoqua des élections générales qui furent remportées par le Parti conservateur. James Challagan fut ensuite chef de l'opposition officielle jusqu'en novembre 1980, puis doyen de la Chambre de juin 1983 à mai 1987, avant de rejoindre la Chambre des lords. Il est, encore aujourd'hui, le Premier ministre du Royaume-Uni ayant vécu le plus longtemps, devant Harold Macmillan. (fr) Leonard James Callaghan, barón Callaghan of Cardiff (Portsmouth, Hampshire;ñ, 27 de marzo de 1912-Ringmer, Sussex Oriental; 26 de marzo de 2005), fue un político británico que se desempeñó como primer ministro del Reino Unido desde 1976 hasta 1979 y líder del Partido Laborista desde 1976 hasta 1980. Callaghan es hasta la fecha el único político de la historia británica que ocupó todas las denominadas «grandes oficinas del Estado»: fue ministro de hacienda (Chancellor of the Exchequer) entre 1964 y 1967, secretario de Estado para Asuntos Internos (Home Department) entre 1967 y 1970 y secretario de Estado para Relaciones Exteriores y de la Mancomunidad (Foreign Secretary) desde 1974 hasta su elección como primer ministro en 1976. Durante el período en que estuvo a cargo del Ministerio de Hacienda la economía británica se encontraba en una situación difícil: tuvo que lidiar con un déficit en la balanza de pagos y dificultades monetarias. En noviembre de 1967 el gobierno se vio forzado devaluar la libra esterlina a pesar de que había declarado previamente que tal medida no iba a ser necesaria. Callaghan presentó su renuncia pero terminó intercambiando su posición con Roy Jenkins. Como viceministro de Interior (secretario de Estado para Asuntos Internos) Callaghan envió a las Fuerzas armadas en apoyo de la policía de Irlanda del Norte. (es) Polaiteoir Briotanach ab ea James Callaghan (27 Márta 1912-26 Márta 1995) agus Príomh-Aire na Ríochta Aontaithe idir 1976 agus 1979. Ceannaire Pháirtí an Lucht Oibre idir 1976 agus 1980 ab ea é. Bhí sé freisin mar Rúnaí Stáit Gnóthaí Eachtracha agus An Chomhlathais idir 1974 agus 1976, Rúnaí Gnóthaí Baile idir 1967 and 1970 agus Seansailéir na Státchiste idir 1964 agus 1970. (ga) Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 Maret 1912 – 26 Maret 2005) merupakan mantan Perdana Menteri Britania Raya dari Partai Buruh sejak 1976 hingga 1979. Setelahnya, ia pernah menjadi Pemimpin Oposisi Britania Raya sejak 1979 hingga 1980 dalam masa pemerintahan Perdana Menteri Margaret Thatcher. Callaghan merupakan satu-satunya politisi di negaranya yang pernah menempati empat posisi tinggi negara, yakni Perdana Menteri, Menteri Keuangan (1964–1967), Menteri Dalam Negeri (1967–1970), dan Menteri Luar Negeri (1974–1976). James Callaghan menjabat Pemimpin Partai Buruh sejak 1976 hingga 1980. Periode Callaghan sebagai Menteri Keuangan Britania Raya bertepatan dengan guncangan pada perekonomian Britania. Ketika itu, ia harus berhadapan dengan permasalahan defisit neraca perdagangan serta serangan spekulasi terhadap pound sterling. Di bulan November 1967, Pemerintah terpaksa mendevaluasi pound sterling meski sebelumnya dianggap tidak perlu. Callaghan menawarkan pengunduran dirinya sebagai akibat permasalahan itu, tetapi akhirnya posisinya ditukar dengan Roy Jenkins sebagai Menteri Dalam Negeri. Dalam kapasitas barunya tersebut, Callaghan mengambil keputusan penggunaan Angkatan Darat Britania Raya untuk mendukung kepolisian Irlandia Utara atas permintaan pemerintah lokal. Pascakekalahan Partai Buruh dalam pemilihan umum 1970, Callaghan memainkan peranan penting dalam Kabinet Bayangan sebelum menempati posisi Menteri Luar Negeri Britania Raya pada tahun 1974. Pada posisi itu, ia bertugas menegosiasikan syarat-syarat keanggotaan Britania Raya dalam Masyarakat Ekonomi Eropa dan mendukung pilihan "ya" pada referendum 1975 mengenai keberlanjutan keanggotaan dalam organisasi tersebut. Ketika Harold Wilson secara mendadak mengundurkan diri dari jabatan Perdana Menteri pada tahun 1976, Callaghan berhasil menduduki jabatan Pemimpin Partai Buruh, sehingga ia menempati posisi Perdana Menteri. Ketika itu, Partai Buruh telah kehilangan mayoritasnya di Majelis Rendah, dan kekalahan lanjutan dalam pemilihan umum sela mendorong Callaghan untuk bernegosiasi dengan partai-partai kecil, seperti Partai Liberal. Sengketa industri dan mogok-mogok kerja yang luas menyebabkan ketidakpopuleran pemerintahan Callaghan. Kekalahan dalam referendum seputar devolusi Skotlandia memicu jatuhnya mosi tidak percaya terhadapnya. Pada pemilihan umum berikutnya, pada tahun 1979, Partai Konservatif keluar sebagai pemenang. Callaghan tetap menjabat sebagai Pemimpin Partai Buruh hingga 1980 untuk mereformasi proses pemilihan pemimpin partai, sebelum akhirnya kembali ke bangku belakang Parlemen hingga mengundurkan diri sebagai anggota Parlemen pada 1987. Ia meninggal dunia pada tahun 2005, satu hari sebelum ulang tahunnya yang ke-93. Ia merupakan Perdana Menteri Britania Raya yang paling panjang umurnya hingga saat ini. (in) カーディフのキャラハン男爵レナード・ジェームズ・キャラハン（英語：Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff、1912年3月27日 - 2005年3月26日）は、イギリスの政治家。財務大臣、内務大臣、外務・英連邦大臣、首相を歴任した。労働党の「巨人」と称された他にも「サニー・ジム」や「ビッグ・ジム」の愛称があった。なお首相に就任する前に「グレート・オフィス・ステート」と呼ばれる3ポスト（財務大臣・内務大臣・外務大臣）を経験したのは、20世紀ではキャラハンが初めてであった。 (ja) Lord Leonard James Callaghan, barone Callaghan di Cardiff, comunemente noto come Jim Callaghan (Portsmouth, 27 marzo 1912 – Lewes, 26 marzo 2005), è stato un politico e militare britannico.Ha fatto parte del Partito Laburista. È stato primo ministro del Regno Unito dal 5 aprile 1976 al 4 maggio 1979 sostituendo Harold Wilson al numero 10 di Downing Street in un momento assai delicato per la storia del Regno Unito. Come Primo ministro, ha avuto alcuni successi, ma è ricordato principalmente per l'"Inverno del malcontento" del 1978-1979. Durante un inverno molto freddo, la sua battaglia con i sindacati ha portato a immensi scioperi che hanno gravemente disturbato il pubblico, portando alla sua sconfitta nelle elezioni generali a favore del leader conservatore Margaret Thatcher. Callaghan è ad oggi l'unico politico della storia britannica che detiene i cosiddetti "Grandi uffici statali": è stato Cancelliere dello Scacchiere tra il 1964 e il 1967, Segretario di Stato per gli affari interni (ministro degli Interni) tra il 1967 e 1970 e Segretario di Stato per gli affari esteri e del Commonwealth (ministro degli esteri) dal 1974 fino alla sua elezione a primo ministro nel 1976, assumendosi la responsabilità di rinegoziare i termini di appartenenza del Regno Unito alle Comunità europee e sostenendo il voto "Sì" nel referendum del 1975 per rimanere nella Comunità europea. Durante il periodo sotto il ministero delle finanze, l'economia britannica si trovava in una situazione difficile: doveva affrontare un deficit nella bilancia dei pagamenti e difficoltà monetarie. Nel novembre 1967 il governo fu costretto a svalutare la sterlina britannica anche se in precedenza aveva dichiarato che tale misura non sarebbe stata necessaria. Callaghan ha rassegnato le dimissioni ma ha finito per scambiare la sua posizione con Roy Jenkins. In qualità di Segretario di Stato per gli affari interni Callaghan ha inviato le forze armate a sostegno della polizia dell'Irlanda del Nord. Ha continuato a vivere più a lungo di qualsiasi altro primo ministro britannico nella storia (92 anni e 364 giorni). (it) 캘러헌오브카디프 남작 래너드 제임스 캘러헌 (Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC, 1912년 3월 27일~2005년 3월 26일)은 영국의 노동당 정치인으로 1976년부터 1979년까지 영국의 총리를, 1976년부터 1980년까지 노동당의 대표를 역임하였다. 캘러헌은 4개의 영국 주요 장관직을 채운 유일한 인물로 재무 장관 (1964 ~ 1967), 내무 장관 (1967 ~ 1970), 외무 장관 (1974 ~ 1976)와 총리직을 맡았다. 그는 사실 선거를 이기지 않았으며 해럴드 윌슨 총리가 퇴임한 후 총리직에 올랐다. 1979년 캘러헌은 다음 18년 동안 영국을 다스릴 보수당의 여성 마거릿 대처에 의하여 여성에게 선거를 패하는 데 첫 총리가 되었다. 캘러헌은 자신이 지불 적자의 균형과 파운드 스털링에 투기적인 공격들을 싸워야 했던 영국 경제에서 소란스러운 시기에 1964년부터 1967년까지 재무 장관이었다. 1967년 11월 정부는 파운드 스털링의 가치를 감하는 데 강요되었다. 캘러헌은 사임하는 데 제안하였으나 로이 젱킨스와 자신의 장관직을 바꾸는 데 설득되어 1967년부터 1970년까지 내무 장관이 되었다. 그 수용력에 캘러헌은 북아일랜드 정부로부터 요청 후, 영국군을 북아일랜드로 배치하는 데 결정을 택하였다. 노동당은 1970년 총선을 패하였으나 캘러헌은 1974년 3월 외무 장관으로서 직위에 돌아와 유럽 경제 공동체의 영국의 회원직에 존속 기관을 재협상하고, 거기에 머무는 데 영국을 위한 1975년 국민 투표에서 찬성 투표를 성원하기 위하여 책임을 지었다. 윌슨 총리가 1976년 사임할 때 캘러헌은 노동당 의원들에 의하여 새로운 당수로 선출되었다. 책임으로서 그의 하나의 기간은 노동당이 영국 하원에서 다수를 보유하지 않았기 때문에 어려운 시간이었으며 자유민주당-노동당 협정을 포함한 진행인 자유당과 얼스터 연합당 같은 소수 정당들과 다루는 데 캘러헌을 강요하였다. 1978년 ~ 1979년의 "불만의 겨울"에 산업 분쟁, 큰 파업들과 높은 실업률은 캘러헌의 정부를 인기 없게 만들었고 스코틀랜드를 위한 위원 위임에 국민 투표의 패배는 1979년 3월 28일 불신임 결의의 통과로 이끌었다. (ko) Leonard James (Jim) Callaghan, Baron Callaghan van Cardiff (Portsmouth, Engeland, 27 maart 1912 – Ringmer, Engeland, 26 maart 2005) was een Brits politicus van de Labour Party en premier van het Verenigd Koninkrijk van 1976 tot 1979. (nl) Leonard James Callaghan, Barão Callaghan de Cardiff, KG, PC, (Portsmouth, 27 de março de 1912 — Ringmer, 26 de março de 2005) foi um político britânico que foi primeiro-ministro do Reino Unido de 1976 até 1979. (pt) Leonard James Callaghan (ur. 27 marca 1912 w Portsmouth, zm. 26 marca 2005 w Ringmer) – brytyjski polityk, Premier Wielkiej Brytanii oraz członek Partii Pracy. W latach 1945–1987 był deputowanym do Izby Gmin. Od 1964 do 1967 r. Kanclerzem Skarbu, w latach 1967–1970 ministrem spraw wewnętrznych, od 1974 do 1976 r. – spraw zagranicznych, od roku 1976 przez trzy lata sprawował funkcję premiera. W 1987 roku otrzymał dożywotni tytuł barona Callaghan of Cardiff. Najdłużej żyjący ze wszystkich premierów brytyjskich. (pl) Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff KG PC , född 27 mars 1912 i Portsmouth, Hampshire, död 26 mars 2005 i Ringmer, East Sussex, var en brittisk politiker (labour) och Storbritanniens premiärminister 1976–1979. Callaghan är den ende brittiske politiker som har innehaft alla fyra poster som kallas Great Offices of State: premiärminister, finansminister, utrikesminister och inrikesminister. (sv) Ле́онард Дже́ймс Ка́ллагэн (Каллаган), барон Каллагэн Кардиффский (англ. Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff; 27 марта 1912 — 26 марта 2005) — британский политик-лейборист, премьер-министр Великобритании с 1976 по 1979, перед 18-летней эрой господства консерваторов. Известен как Джим Каллагэн («Солнечный Джим», «Джентльмен Джим», «Большой Джим»). (ru) Леонард Джеймс Каллаган, барон Кардіффський (англ. Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff; 27 березня 1912 — 26 березня 2005) — політик-лейборист, прем'єр-міністр Великої Британії з 1976 з 1979, перед 18-річної ерою панування консерваторів. Відомий як Джим Каллаган («Сонячний Джим», «Джентльмен Джим», «Великий Джим»). (uk) 卡地夫的卡拉漢男爵倫納德·詹姆斯·卡拉漢，KG，PC（英語：Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff，/ˈkæləhæn/ KAL-ə-han；1912年3月27日－2005年3月26日），英國工黨政治家，1976年至1979年出任英國首相。「詹姆斯」和「吉姆」是一般人對他的稱呼，所以他又有「陽光吉姆」（Sunny Jim）和「大吉姆」（Big Jim）等綽號。此外，卡拉漢是唯一一位曾出任四大內閣重臣職位，即英國首相、財政大臣、內政大臣和外交大臣的人。卡拉漢於1964年至1967年出任財政大臣，當時英國經濟陷入混亂，他除了應付財政赤字，又要阻止投機者狙擊英鎊。但到了1967年11月，英國政府仍無可奈何地將英鎊貶值，卡拉漢因此辭職，但得到挽留，與羅伊·詹金斯對調職位，自1967年至1970年出掌內政大臣。任內，卡拉漢諮詢北愛爾蘭政府後，決定將英軍撤出北愛爾蘭。卡拉漢1974年3月重返政府，出任外務大臣，負責重新就是否加入共同市場展開談判，並在1975年全民投票中，表態支持英國留在歐洲經濟共同體。當哈羅德·威爾遜1976年辭任首相後，卡拉漢繼任首相和黨魁。在卡拉漢任內，工黨於下議院只佔少數，被迫與細小黨派如阿爾斯特統一黨合作，日後備受批評的「」（Lib-Lab Pact）也是因此而生。後來，卡拉漢嘗試以公投方式下放權力到蘇格蘭，但失敗而回。在1978年至1979年爆發的「不滿的冬天」，更使工黨政府陷於癱瘓，當時，無數的工業糾紛、大罷工和高失業率，使卡拉漢政府聲望急挫。國會於1979年3月28日通過對卡拉漢的不信任動議，從而舉行1979年大選，最終卡拉漢敗於保守黨的戴卓爾夫人，結束工黨執政。 (zh)
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dbp:birthDate	1912-03-27 (xsd:date)
dbp:birthName	Leonard James Callaghan (en)
dbp:birthPlace	Portsmouth, England (en)
dbp:branch	dbr:Royal_Navy
dbp:caption	Callaghan in 1975 (en)
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dbp:crest	A Sea-Dragon sejant Gules, langued and scaled Or, its tail Or, scaled Gules, the dorsal fin Gules, gorged with a Mural Crown Or, masoned Gules, supporting to the front with the fin of the dexter foreleg a Portcullis Or. (en)
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dbp:deathDate	2005-03-26 (xsd:date)
dbp:deathPlace	Ringmer, East Sussex, England (en)
dbp:deputy	dbr:Michael_Foot
dbp:escutcheon	Quarterly Vert and Azure, in the former a portcullis chained Or, in the latter a lymphad with an anchor at its prow and masted also Or, the sail set Argent, and pennants flying Gules, over all a fess Or, to the sinister thereof a grassy mount thereon a hurst of oak trees and issuing therefrom passant to the dexter a wolf, all proper. (en)
dbp:honorificPrefix	dbr:The_Right_Honourable
dbp:monarch	dbr:Elizabeth_II Elizabeth II (en)
dbp:motto	MALO LABORARE QUAM LANGURE (en)
dbp:name	The Lord Callaghan of Cardiff (en)
dbp:office	dbr:Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom dbr:Home_Secretary dbr:Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK) dbr:Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom) dbr:Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer dbr:Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs
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dbp:primeminister	dbr:Harold_Wilson Margaret Thatcher (en)
dbp:rank	dbr:Lieutenant_(navy)
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dbp:signature	Signature of James Callaghan.png (en)
dbp:spouse	1938-07-28 (xsd:date) 2005-03-15 (xsd:date) dbr:Audrey_Callaghan (en) died (en)
dbp:successor	0001-03-02 (xsd:gMonthDay) dbr:Reginald_Maudling dbr:Anthony_Crosland dbr:Margaret_Thatcher dbr:Michael_Foot
dbp:symbolism	The portcullis on green represents his parliamentary career. The colour green also refers his farming interests. The wolf and oak trees are taken from the arms of the Irish Callaghan sept. The lymphad represents his naval service in the Second World War and his family's naval links. His family's naval links are further represented in the crest by the sea-dragon. It is also inspired the Welsh dragon, which in turn refers to the port of Cardiff, which he represented in Parliament. (en)
dbp:termEnd	1967-11-30 (xsd:date) 1970-06-19 (xsd:date) 1976-04-08 (xsd:date) 1979-05-04 (xsd:date) 1980-11-10 (xsd:date)
dbp:termStart	1964-10-16 (xsd:date) 1967-11-30 (xsd:date) 1974-03-05 (xsd:date) 1976-04-05 (xsd:date) 1979-05-04 (xsd:date)
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rdfs:comment	Leonard James Callaghan, baron Callaghan z Cardiffu, KG, PC (27. března 1912 Portsmouth – 26. března 2005 Ringmer) byl britský politik, v letech 1976-1979 zastával úřad předsedy vlády. (cs) Leonard James Callaghan, Baró Callaghan de Cardiff KG PC (27 de març de 1912 – 26 de març de 2005), polític laborista que fou Primer Ministre del Regne Unit entre 1976 i 1979, i Lord vitalici des de 1987. Fou un polític popular, moderat i optimista, fet que li va fer guanyar-se l'afectuós sobrenom de Sunny Jim (Alegre Jim). (ca) Leonard James "Jim" CALLAGHAN, Barono Callaghan de Cardiff, Ordeno de la Ĝartero, (naskiĝis la 27-an de marto 1912 en Portsmouth, Hampshire; mortis la 26-an de marto 2005 en East Sussex, Anglio) estis brita politikisto organiziĝinta en la Labour Party. De 1976 ĝis 1979 li estis ĉefministro de Britio. (eo) Leonard James „Jim“ Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (* 27. März 1912 in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England; † 26. März 2005 in , East Sussex, England) war ein britischer Politiker der Labour Party und von 1976 bis 1979 Premierminister des Vereinigten Königreichs. (de) Polaiteoir Briotanach ab ea James Callaghan (27 Márta 1912-26 Márta 1995) agus Príomh-Aire na Ríochta Aontaithe idir 1976 agus 1979. Ceannaire Pháirtí an Lucht Oibre idir 1976 agus 1980 ab ea é. Bhí sé freisin mar Rúnaí Stáit Gnóthaí Eachtracha agus An Chomhlathais idir 1974 agus 1976, Rúnaí Gnóthaí Baile idir 1967 and 1970 agus Seansailéir na Státchiste idir 1964 agus 1970. (ga) カーディフのキャラハン男爵レナード・ジェームズ・キャラハン（英語：Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff、1912年3月27日 - 2005年3月26日）は、イギリスの政治家。財務大臣、内務大臣、外務・英連邦大臣、首相を歴任した。労働党の「巨人」と称された他にも「サニー・ジム」や「ビッグ・ジム」の愛称があった。なお首相に就任する前に「グレート・オフィス・ステート」と呼ばれる3ポスト（財務大臣・内務大臣・外務大臣）を経験したのは、20世紀ではキャラハンが初めてであった。 (ja) Leonard James (Jim) Callaghan, Baron Callaghan van Cardiff (Portsmouth, Engeland, 27 maart 1912 – Ringmer, Engeland, 26 maart 2005) was een Brits politicus van de Labour Party en premier van het Verenigd Koninkrijk van 1976 tot 1979. (nl) Leonard James Callaghan, Barão Callaghan de Cardiff, KG, PC, (Portsmouth, 27 de março de 1912 — Ringmer, 26 de março de 2005) foi um político britânico que foi primeiro-ministro do Reino Unido de 1976 até 1979. (pt) Leonard James Callaghan (ur. 27 marca 1912 w Portsmouth, zm. 26 marca 2005 w Ringmer) – brytyjski polityk, Premier Wielkiej Brytanii oraz członek Partii Pracy. W latach 1945–1987 był deputowanym do Izby Gmin. Od 1964 do 1967 r. Kanclerzem Skarbu, w latach 1967–1970 ministrem spraw wewnętrznych, od 1974 do 1976 r. – spraw zagranicznych, od roku 1976 przez trzy lata sprawował funkcję premiera. W 1987 roku otrzymał dożywotni tytuł barona Callaghan of Cardiff. Najdłużej żyjący ze wszystkich premierów brytyjskich. (pl) Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff KG PC , född 27 mars 1912 i Portsmouth, Hampshire, död 26 mars 2005 i Ringmer, East Sussex, var en brittisk politiker (labour) och Storbritanniens premiärminister 1976–1979. Callaghan är den ende brittiske politiker som har innehaft alla fyra poster som kallas Great Offices of State: premiärminister, finansminister, utrikesminister och inrikesminister. (sv) Ле́онард Дже́ймс Ка́ллагэн (Каллаган), барон Каллагэн Кардиффский (англ. Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff; 27 марта 1912 — 26 марта 2005) — британский политик-лейборист, премьер-министр Великобритании с 1976 по 1979, перед 18-летней эрой господства консерваторов. Известен как Джим Каллагэн («Солнечный Джим», «Джентльмен Джим», «Большой Джим»). (ru) Леонард Джеймс Каллаган, барон Кардіффський (англ. Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff; 27 березня 1912 — 26 березня 2005) — політик-лейборист, прем'єр-міністр Великої Британії з 1976 з 1979, перед 18-річної ерою панування консерваторів. Відомий як Джим Каллаган («Сонячний Джим», «Джентльмен Джим», «Великий Джим»). (uk) جيمس كالاهان (بالإنجليزية: James Callaghan)‏ سياسي بريطاني من حزب العمال (27 مارس 1912- 26 مارس 2005). كان رئيساً لوزراء بريطانيا من 5 أبريل 1976 إلى 4 مايو 1979، وزعيم حزب العمال من 1976 إلى 1980. كالاهان هو حتى الآن السياسي الوحيد في التاريخ الذي خدم في كل أربعة من «المكاتب الكبرى للدولة»، بعد أن كان وزير الخزانة من 1964 إلى 1967، وزير الداخلية من 1967 إلى 1970، ووزير الخارجية من عام 1974، حتى تعيينه رئيس الوزراء في عام 1976. رئيسا للوزراء، كان لديه بعض النجاحات، ولكن تذكر أساساً للأزمة «شتاء السخط» في 1978-1979. خلال فصل الشتاء البارد جدا، أدت معركته مع النقابات العمالية إلى ضربات هائلة تسببت في إزعاج الشعب بشكل خطير، مما أدى إلى هزيمته من قبل مارغريت ثاتشر. (ar) Ο Σερ Λέοναρντ Τζέιμς Κάλαχαν, Βαρώνος Κάλαχαν του Κάρντιφ (αγγλικά: Leonard James "Jim" Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, 27 Μαρτίου 1912 – 26 Μαρτίου 2005) ήταν Βρετανός πολιτικός, που υπηρέτησε ως Πρωθυπουργός του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου, από το 1976 έως το 1979. Διετέλεσε Ηγέτης του Εργατικού Κόμματος, από το 1976 έως το 1980. Υπηρέτησε επίσης, ως Αρχηγός της Α.Μ. Πλέον Πιστής Αντιπολίτευσης του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου, από το 1979 έως το 1980. (el) Leonard James Callaghan, barón Callaghan of Cardiff (Portsmouth, Hampshire;ñ, 27 de marzo de 1912-Ringmer, Sussex Oriental; 26 de marzo de 2005), fue un político británico que se desempeñó como primer ministro del Reino Unido desde 1976 hasta 1979 y líder del Partido Laborista desde 1976 hasta 1980. Callaghan es hasta la fecha el único político de la historia británica que ocupó todas las denominadas «grandes oficinas del Estado»: fue ministro de hacienda (Chancellor of the Exchequer) entre 1964 y 1967, secretario de Estado para Asuntos Internos (Home Department) entre 1967 y 1970 y secretario de Estado para Relaciones Exteriores y de la Mancomunidad (Foreign Secretary) desde 1974 hasta su elección como primer ministro en 1976. (es) Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (/ˈkæləhæn/ KAL-ə-han; 27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005), commonly known as Jim Callaghan, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1976 to 1980. Callaghan is the only person to have held all four Great Offices of State, having served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1964 to 1967, Home Secretary from 1967 to 1970 and Foreign Secretary from 1974 to 1976. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1945 to 1987. (en) Leonard James Callaghan, Callaghan Cardiffeko baroia, (Portsmouth, 1912ko martxoaren 27a - , Ekialdeko Sussex, 2005eko martxoaren 26a) britainiar politikaria izan zen. Langile-familia batean sortu zen, eta gazterik, 17 urte zituela, hasi zen lanean administrazio publikoan. 1936an buru-belarri ekin zion sindikalgintzari. Bigarren Mundu Gerran, britainiar itsas armadan aritu zen, eta hori amaitzean heldu zion politikagintzari, Alderdi Laboristan betiere. 1945ean diputatu hautatu zuten Galesen, eta 1951 arte hainbat kargu izan zituen garraio-ministerioan. Harold Wilson laboristaren agintaldian hasi zen Callaghanen etengabeko gorako bidea: Finantza-ministro izan zen 1964-67 bitartean, dimititu egin behar izan bazuen ere, Erresuma Batuaren egoera ekonomiko eskasa zela-eta. Hurrengo agintaldian (eu) Leonard James Callaghan, dit James Callaghan et parfois surnommé Jim, Baron Callaghan de Cardiff, né le 27 mars 1912 à Portsmouth (Île de Portsea) et mort le 26 mars 2005 à Ringmer (Sussex de l'Est), est un homme d'État britannique, membre du Parti travailliste et Premier ministre du Royaume-Uni de 1976 à 1979. (fr) Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 Maret 1912 – 26 Maret 2005) merupakan mantan Perdana Menteri Britania Raya dari Partai Buruh sejak 1976 hingga 1979. Setelahnya, ia pernah menjadi Pemimpin Oposisi Britania Raya sejak 1979 hingga 1980 dalam masa pemerintahan Perdana Menteri Margaret Thatcher. Callaghan merupakan satu-satunya politisi di negaranya yang pernah menempati empat posisi tinggi negara, yakni Perdana Menteri, Menteri Keuangan (1964–1967), Menteri Dalam Negeri (1967–1970), dan Menteri Luar Negeri (1974–1976). James Callaghan menjabat Pemimpin Partai Buruh sejak 1976 hingga 1980. (in) 캘러헌오브카디프 남작 래너드 제임스 캘러헌 (Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC, 1912년 3월 27일~2005년 3월 26일)은 영국의 노동당 정치인으로 1976년부터 1979년까지 영국의 총리를, 1976년부터 1980년까지 노동당의 대표를 역임하였다. 캘러헌은 4개의 영국 주요 장관직을 채운 유일한 인물로 재무 장관 (1964 ~ 1967), 내무 장관 (1967 ~ 1970), 외무 장관 (1974 ~ 1976)와 총리직을 맡았다. 그는 사실 선거를 이기지 않았으며 해럴드 윌슨 총리가 퇴임한 후 총리직에 올랐다. 1979년 캘러헌은 다음 18년 동안 영국을 다스릴 보수당의 여성 마거릿 대처에 의하여 여성에게 선거를 패하는 데 첫 총리가 되었다. (ko) Lord Leonard James Callaghan, barone Callaghan di Cardiff, comunemente noto come Jim Callaghan (Portsmouth, 27 marzo 1912 – Lewes, 26 marzo 2005), è stato un politico e militare britannico.Ha fatto parte del Partito Laburista. Ha continuato a vivere più a lungo di qualsiasi altro primo ministro britannico nella storia (92 anni e 364 giorni). (it) 卡地夫的卡拉漢男爵倫納德·詹姆斯·卡拉漢，KG，PC（英語：Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff，/ˈkæləhæn/ KAL-ə-han；1912年3月27日－2005年3月26日），英國工黨政治家，1976年至1979年出任英國首相。「詹姆斯」和「吉姆」是一般人對他的稱呼，所以他又有「陽光吉姆」（Sunny Jim）和「大吉姆」（Big Jim）等綽號。此外，卡拉漢是唯一一位曾出任四大內閣重臣職位，即英國首相、財政大臣、內政大臣和外交大臣的人。卡拉漢於1964年至1967年出任財政大臣，當時英國經濟陷入混亂，他除了應付財政赤字，又要阻止投機者狙擊英鎊。但到了1967年11月，英國政府仍無可奈何地將英鎊貶值，卡拉漢因此辭職，但得到挽留，與羅伊·詹金斯對調職位，自1967年至1970年出掌內政大臣。任內，卡拉漢諮詢北愛爾蘭政府後，決定將英軍撤出北愛爾蘭。卡拉漢1974年3月重返政府，出任外務大臣，負責重新就是否加入共同市場展開談判，並在1975年全民投票中，表態支持英國留在歐洲經濟共同體。當哈羅德·威爾遜1976年辭任首相後，卡拉漢繼任首相和黨魁。 (zh)
rdfs:label	James Callaghan (en) جيمس كالاهان (ar) James Callaghan (ca) James Callaghan (cs) James Callaghan (de) Τζέιμς Κάλαχαν (el) James Callaghan (eo) James Callaghan (es) James Callaghan (eu) James Callaghan (fr) James Callaghan (ga) James Callaghan (in) James Callaghan (it) 제임스 캘러헌 (ko) ジェームズ・キャラハン (ja) James Callaghan (nl) James Callaghan (pl) James Callaghan (pt) Каллагэн, Джеймс (ru) Джеймс Каллаган (uk) James Callaghan (sv) 詹姆斯·卡拉漢 (zh)
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