"Tierversuche sind wissenschaftliche Experimente an oder mit lebenden Tieren. Man spricht auch von Versuchstieren. Ziele von Tierversuchen sind Erkenntnisgewinn in der Grundlagenforschung sowie die Entwicklung und Erprobung neuer medizinischer Therapiem\u00F6glichkeiten. Die Forschung mit Versuchstieren wird in Universit\u00E4ten und Forschungseinrichtungen, Pharmaunternehmen und Dienstleistungsunternehmen durchgef\u00FChrt. Die meisten Tiere werden eigens f\u00FCr Forschungszwecke gez\u00FCchtet, nur sehr wenige werden daf\u00FCr gefangen. Sch\u00E4tzungen zufolge wurden im Jahr 2005 weltweit zwischen 58 und 115 Millionen Wirbeltiere \u2013 vor allem Zuchtformen der Hausm\u00E4use und Wanderratten, aber auch Hamster, Meerschweinchen, Kaninchen, Frettchen, Hunde und Primaten \u2013 f\u00FCr Tierversuche verwendet. Viele Versuchstiere sterben w\u00E4"@de . . . "Animal testing"@en . . . . . . . "Con sperimentazione animale s'intende l'utilizzo scientifico a scopo di studio e ricerca di animali, per esempio in ambito farmacologico, fisiologico, fisiopatologico, biomedico e biologico. La sperimentazione animale pu\u00F2 essere di base (ad esempio la ricerca che si basa sulla mera osservazione di una caratteristica biologica della specie animale studiata o applicata cio\u00E8 quando l'animale viene usato come modello al fine di comprendere meglio una determinata caratteristica biologica di un'altra specie, per lo pi\u00F9 quella umana. La sperimentazione include quindi la pura ricerca come quella genetica, la biologia dello sviluppo, gli studi comportamentali, le ricerche biomediche e i test tossicologici. La sperimentazione animale viene condotta in universit\u00E0, scuole di medicina, aziende farmace"@it . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D \u0432 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u041F\u0456\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043E, \u0449\u043E \u0449\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F 50-100 \u043C\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0439\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0432 \u0445\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D. \u041D\u0435\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0447\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043D\u044F\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0445\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0435\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0456\u0432 (\u0434\u0438\u0432. \u00AB\u041C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0437\u043C\u00BB), \u0457\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0436\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043C \u043D\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F, \u0430 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0456\u043A \u0457\u0445\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0457 \u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F. \u0411\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D \u043F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u0434\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043F\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F. \u0411\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043B\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0442\u044C, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043B\u043E\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0456[\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043B\u043E?] \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043A\u0443\u043F\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445[\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043B\u043E?] \u0456 \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u043B\u043A\u0430\u0445.[\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043B\u043E?]"@uk . . . . . . "Uji coba hewan merupakan kegiatan yang melibatkan hewan sebagai objek dari eksperimen. Beberapa istilah yang berkaitan dengan uji coba hewan antara lain eksperimen pada hewan, penelitian pada hewan, uji coba in-vivo dan vivisection. Uji coba hewan dilakukan pada penelitian dasar dan terapan (biomedis), pengujian obat-obatan, pengujian zat-zat biologis, serta bertujuan sebagai sarana pendidikan.Hewan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai objek pengujian adalah hewan yang bebas dari mikroorganisme patogen, memiliki reaksi imunitas yang baik, kepekaan pada suatu penyakit, dan performa atau anatomi tubuh hewan percobaan dikaitkan dengan sistem genetiknya. Hewan yang banyak digunakan pada percobaan ialah mencit (Mus musculus) sekitar 40%, tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus), kelinci (Oryclolagus cunucilus)"@in . . "Investigaci\u00F3 animal"@ca . . "Description"@en . . "yes lcheading=Animal experimentation"@en . . . . "Djurf\u00F6rs\u00F6k"@sv . "\u52D5\u7269\u8A66\u9A57\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aanimal testing\uFF09\u3001\u52D5\u7269\u5BE6\u9A57\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aanimal experimentation\uFF09\u6216\u52A8\u7269\u7814\u7A76\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aanimal research\uFF09\uFF0C\u662F\u6307\u5229\u7528\u4EBA\u985E\u4EE5\u5916\u7684\u52D5\u7269\u9032\u884C\u79D1\u5B78\u5BE6\u9A57\uFF0C\u4EE5\u9A57\u8B49\u500B\u5225\u56E0\u7D20\u5C0D\u63A5\u53D7\u6E2C\u8A66\u7684\u52D5\u7269\u5728\u751F\u7406\u6216\u884C\u70BA\u4E0A\u7684\u5F71\u97FF\uFF0C\u4E26\u8207\u540C\u7A2E\u985E\u4E4B\u751F\u7269\u5728\u81EA\u7136\u74B0\u5883\u4E0B\u7684\u72C0\u614B\u9032\u884C\u6BD4\u5C0D\u3002\u7528\u4E8E\u52A8\u7269\u5B9E\u9A8C\u7684\u52A8\u7269\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u5B9E\u9A8C\u52A8\u7269\u201D\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Alaboratory animals\uFF09\u3002\u5176\u76EE\u7684\u662F\u4E3A\u4E86\u751F\u7406\u5B66\u3001\u75C5\u7406\u5B66\u6216\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u3002\u52A8\u7269\u7684\u5B9E\u9A8C\u7814\u7A76\u901A\u5E38\u5728\u7EFC\u5408\u5927\u5B66\u3001\u533B\u5B66\u9662\u3001\u5236\u836F\u516C\u53F8\u3001\u56FD\u9632\u673A\u6784\u4EE5\u53CA\u4E3A\u5404\u884C\u5404\u4E1A\u63D0\u4F9B\u52A8\u7269\u6D4B\u8BD5\u670D\u52A1\u7684\u5546\u4E1A\u8BBE\u65BD\u4E2D\u8FDB\u884C\u3002\u52A8\u7269\u8BD5\u9A8C\u7684\u91CD\u70B9\u5728\u4E8E\u7EAF\u7CB9\u7814\u7A76\u7684\u8FDE\u7EED\u6027\uFF0C\u4FA7\u91CD\u4E8E\u53D1\u5C55\u6709\u673A\u4F53\u7684\u57FA\u7840\u77E5\u8BC6\u3001\u5E94\u7528\u7814\u7A76\uFF0C\u4E5F\u53EF\u80FD\u4FA7\u91CD\u4E8E\u56DE\u7B54\u4E00\u4E9B\u5177\u6709\u91CD\u5927\u5B9E\u9645\u610F\u4E49\u7684\u95EE\u9898\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\u5BFB\u627E\u6CBB\u6108\u75BE\u75C5\u7684\u65B9\u6CD5\u3002\u8FD9\u9879\u7814\u7A76\u5E94\u7528\u7684\u5177\u4F53\u4F8B\u5B50\u5305\u62EC\u6D4B\u8BD5\u75BE\u75C5\u7684\u6CBB\u7597\u65B9\u6CD5\u3001\u9009\u80B2\u3001\u56FD\u9632\u7814\u7A76\u548C\uFF0C\u751A\u81F3\u8FD8\u5305\u62EC\u5316\u5986\u54C1\u6D4B\u8BD5\u3002\u5728\u6559\u80B2\u9886\u57DF\uFF0C\u52A8\u7269\u8BD5\u9A8C\u6709\u65F6\u4E5F\u662F\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u6216\u8005\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u8BFE\u7A0B\u7684\u4E00\u90E8\u5206\u3002\u8FD9\u4E9B\u5B9E\u8DF5\u64CD\u4F5C\u5728\u4E0D\u540C\u56FD\u5BB6\u53D7\u5230\u4E0D\u540C\u7A0B\u5EA6\u7684\u76D1\u7BA1\u3002 \u636E\u4F30\u8BA1\uFF0C\u810A\u690E\u52A8\u7269\u5728\u52A8\u7269\u8BD5\u9A8C\u4E2D\u6BCF\u5E74\u7684\u4F7F\u7528\u91CF\u2014\u2014\u4ECE\u6591\u9A6C\u9C7C\u5230\u975E\u4EBA\u7C7B\u7075\u957F\u7C7B\u52A8\u7269\u2014\u2014\u5176\u8303\u56F4\u4ECE\u6570\u4EBF\u5230\u5341\u6570\u4EBF\u3002\u5728\u6B27\u76DF\uFF0C\u810A\u690E\u52A8\u7269\u7269\u79CD\u5360\u7814\u7A76\u4E2D\u4F7F\u7528\u52A8\u7269\u768493\uFF05\uFF0C2011\u5E74\u4F7F\u7528\u4E861150\u4E07\u53EA\u52A8\u7269\u3002\u636E\u4F30\u8BA1\uFF0C2001\u5E74\u4EC5\u5728\u7F8E\u56FD\u4F7F\u7528\u7684\u5C0F\u9F20\u548C\u5927\u9F20\u7684\u6570\u91CF\u4E3A8000\u4E07\u53EA\u3002\u5C0F\u9F20\u3001\u5927\u9F20\u3001\u9C7C\u7C7B\u3001\u4E24\u6816\u52A8\u7269\u548C\u722C\u884C\u52A8\u7269\u603B\u5171\u5360\u7814\u7A76\u4F7F\u7528\u52A8\u7269\u603B\u6570\u768485\uFF05\u4EE5\u4E0A\u3002 \u5927\u591A\u6570\u52A8\u7269\u5728\u5B9E\u9A8C\u7ED3\u675F\u540E\u4F1A\u88AB\u5B89\u4E50\u6B7B\u3002\u56E0\u56FD\u5BB6\u548C\u7269\u79CD\u800C\u5F02\uFF1B\u5927\u591A\u6570\u5B9E\u9A8C\u7528\u52A8\u7269\u90FD\u6765\u6E90\u4E8E\u4EBA\u5DE5\u76EE\u7684\u6027\u57F9\u80B2\uFF0C\u5C11\u6570\u662F\u5728\u91CE\u5916\u6355\u83B7\u6216\u8005\u7531\u901A\u8FC7\u62CD\u5356\u548C\u52A8\u7269\u6536\u5BB9\u6240\u83B7\u5F97\u7684\u7ECF\u9500\u5546\u63D0\u4F9B\u3002\u82F1\u56FD\u7687\u5BB6\u5B66\u4F1A\u7B49\u52A8\u7269\u5B9E\u9A8C\u652F\u6301\u8005\u8BA4\u4E3A\uFF0C\u5B9E\u9645\u4E0A20\u4E16\u7EAA\u7684\u6BCF\u4E00\u9879\u533B\u5B66\u6210\u5C31\u90FD\u4F9D\u8D56\u4E8E\u67D0\u79CD\u65B9\u5F0F\u7684\u52A8\u7269\u4F7F\u7528\u3002\u7F8E\u56FD\u56FD\u5BB6\u79D1\u5B66\u9662\u5B9E\u9A8C\u52A8\u7269\u7814\u7A76\u6240\u8BA4\u4E3A\uFF0C\u5373\u4F7F\u662F\u590D\u6742\u7684\u8BA1\u7B97\u673A\u6A21\u578B\u4E5F\u65E0\u6CD5\u53D6\u4EE3\u52A8\u7269\u7814\u7A76\uFF0C\u8FD9\u4E9B\u6A21\u578B\u65E0\u6CD5\u5904\u7406\u5206\u5B50\u3001\u7EC6\u80DE\u3001\u7EC4\u7EC7\u3001\u5668\u5B98\u3001\u751F\u7269\u4F53\u4EE5\u53CA\u73AF\u5883\u4E4B\u95F4\u6781\u5176\u590D\u6742\u7684\u76F8\u4E92\u4F5C\u7528\u3002\u52A8\u7269\u6743\u5229\u7EC4\u7EC7\uFF0C\u5982PETA\u548CBUAV\u8D28\u7591\u52A8\u7269\u8BD5\u9A8C\u7684\u5FC5\u8981\u6027\u548C\u5408\u6CD5\u6027\uFF0C\u8BA4\u4E3A\u8FD9\u4E9B\u8BD5\u9A8C\u6B8B\u5FCD\u4E14\u7F3A\u4E4F\u6709\u6548\u7BA1\u7406\uFF0C\u5E76\u8BA4\u4E3A\u7531\u4E8E\u8BEF\u5BFC\u6027\u7684\u52A8\u7269\u6A21\u578B\u65E0\u6CD5\u53EF\u9760\u5730\u9884\u6D4B\u4EBA\u7C7B\u7684\u5F71\u54CD\uFF0C\u4E00\u4E9B\u8BD5\u9A8C\u5DF2\u7ECF\u8FC7\u65F6\uFF0C\u6210\u672C\u8D85\u8FC7\u4E86\u76CA\u5904\uFF0C\u53E6\u4E00\u65B9\u9762\u4E5F\u8BA4\u4E3A\u52A8\u7269\u5177\u6709\u5728\u5B9E\u9A8C\u4E2D\u4E0D\u88AB\u4F7F\u7528\u6216\u53D7\u5230\u4F24\u5BB3\u7684\u5185\u5728\u6743\u5229\u3002"@zh . . "Experimentaci\u00F3n con animales"@es . "1041480903"^^ . . "Tierversuche sind wissenschaftliche Experimente an oder mit lebenden Tieren. Man spricht auch von Versuchstieren. Ziele von Tierversuchen sind Erkenntnisgewinn in der Grundlagenforschung sowie die Entwicklung und Erprobung neuer medizinischer Therapiem\u00F6glichkeiten. Die Forschung mit Versuchstieren wird in Universit\u00E4ten und Forschungseinrichtungen, Pharmaunternehmen und Dienstleistungsunternehmen durchgef\u00FChrt. Die meisten Tiere werden eigens f\u00FCr Forschungszwecke gez\u00FCchtet, nur sehr wenige werden daf\u00FCr gefangen. Sch\u00E4tzungen zufolge wurden im Jahr 2005 weltweit zwischen 58 und 115 Millionen Wirbeltiere \u2013 vor allem Zuchtformen der Hausm\u00E4use und Wanderratten, aber auch Hamster, Meerschweinchen, Kaninchen, Frettchen, Hunde und Primaten \u2013 f\u00FCr Tierversuche verwendet. Viele Versuchstiere sterben w\u00E4hrend der Experimente oder werden anschlie\u00DFend get\u00F6tet. Die Aussagekraft von Tierversuchen ist belegt, ihre ethische Vertretbarkeit ist umstritten."@de . "Subjects"@en . "L\u2019exp\u00E9rimentation animale consiste \u00E0 utiliser des animaux comme substitut ou \u00AB mod\u00E8le \u00BB, pour mieux comprendre la physiologie d'un organisme et ses r\u00E9ponses \u00E0 divers facteurs (alimentation, environnement, agents pathog\u00E8nes) ou substances (pour en tester, v\u00E9rifier ou \u00E9valuer l'efficacit\u00E9, l'innocuit\u00E9 ou la toxicit\u00E9), et tout particuli\u00E8rement pour tenter de pr\u00E9voir ce qui se passe chez l'Homme. Pour des raisons de taille, d'accumulation de connaissances, de standardisation, de prix et de temps, la tr\u00E8s grande majorit\u00E9 des exp\u00E9rimentations animales se font sur des rongeurs. La souris commune \u00E9tant de mieux en mieux connue au point de vue g\u00E9n\u00E9tique, son usage augmente plus que celui des autres esp\u00E8ces, mais il existe d'autres animaux vert\u00E9br\u00E9s ou invert\u00E9br\u00E9s utilis\u00E9s comme organismes mod\u00E8les. L'exp\u00E9rimentation animale est une pratique controvers\u00E9e, certaines personnes pensant qu'on fait ainsi souffrir des animaux, sans apporter aucun b\u00E9n\u00E9fice ni pour eux, ni pour les humains. selon un sondage Ipsos de 2003, 64 % des Fran\u00E7ais sont plut\u00F4t ou tout \u00E0 fait d\u00E9favorables \u00E0 l'exp\u00E9rimentation animale, le chiffre montant \u00E0 85 % pour une interdiction de celle-ci si des m\u00E9thodes substitutives existent. Ce dernier point est d'ailleurs d\u00E9j\u00E0 mis en vigueur par la r\u00E9glementation europ\u00E9enne et fran\u00E7aise qui interdit l'utilisation d'animaux en recherche si d'autres m\u00E9thodologies existent. Le chiffre descend \u00E0 60 % d'opinions favorables \u00E0 une interdiction de l'exp\u00E9rimentation animale relative aux cosm\u00E9tiques. D'autres sondages donnent des indications sur l'opinion du public sur le sujet de l'exp\u00E9rimentation animale en ce qui concerne le domaine m\u00E9dical. Un sondage IPSOS r\u00E9alis\u00E9 en 2007 pour le Gircor, indique que 69 \u00E0 77 % des Fran\u00E7ais sont favorables \u00E0 l'usage de l'exp\u00E9rimentation animale pour lutter contre les maladies graves. 51 % d\u00E9sapprouvent toute exp\u00E9rimentation sur les chiens et les singes, m\u00EAme si cela peut aider \u00E0 r\u00E9soudre des probl\u00E8mes de sant\u00E9 pour les humains, selon l'Eurobarom\u00E8tre 2010, alors que seulement 18 % d\u00E9sapprouvent l'exp\u00E9rimentation sur souris si cela doit r\u00E9gler des probl\u00E8mes de sant\u00E9. Cependant, les institutions scientifiques et autorit\u00E9s affirment la n\u00E9cessit\u00E9 d'avoir recours \u00E0 cette m\u00E9thodologie pour garantir le progr\u00E8s scientifique et m\u00E9dical. Selon un rapport de la Commission europ\u00E9enne, 11,5 millions d'animaux ont \u00E9t\u00E9 utilis\u00E9s en 2011 par les 27 \u00C9tats membres, dont 80 % de lapins et de rongeurs. La directive europ\u00E9enne sur la protection des animaux utilis\u00E9s \u00E0 des fins scientifiques a \u00E9t\u00E9 r\u00E9vis\u00E9e et mise \u00E0 jour en 2010 sous le code Directive 2010/63/UE. Elle affirme le principe des 3R qui demande que l'utilisation d'animaux soit remplac\u00E9e, r\u00E9duite et am\u00E9lior\u00E9e autant que possible. Elle impose un examen critique des projets d'\u00E9tude sous l'angle b\u00E9n\u00E9fice pour la recherche et contrainte pour les animaux et la publication de r\u00E9sum\u00E9s non-techniques. Elle impose des conditions d'h\u00E9bergement minimales. Le d\u00E9veloppement des m\u00E9thodes alternatives est encourag\u00E9 de diff\u00E9rentes fa\u00E7ons. Tous les \u00C9tats membres ont transpos\u00E9 cette directive dans leur r\u00E9glementation."@fr . "161134"^^ . "\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A (Animal testing)\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A (animal experimentation)\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0648\u062B \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 (animal research)\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A (testing in vivo)\u060C \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0624\u062B\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0631\u0648\u0633. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u062A\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062C \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u062F\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0625\u062C\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0648\u062B \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062F\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u062E\u062F\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0627\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A. \u064A\u062E\u062A\u0644 \u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062E\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062D\u0627\u062B\u060C \u0641\u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u062B \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A (pure research)\u060C \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0637\u0648\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u060C \u0628\u064A\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u062B \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642\u064A \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062C\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629\u060C \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0625\u064A\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062C \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0627. \u062A\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u062B\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062D\u0627\u062B \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062D\u0627\u062B \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 ( toxicology testing )\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u062D\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0645\u064A\u0644 (cosmetics testing). \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0644\u064A\u0645\u064A\u060C \u064A\u064F\u0639\u062A\u064E\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0646\u064B\u0627 \u0623\u062D\u062F \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633. \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u062A\u0646\u0638\u064A\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u062F\u0631\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u062A\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064A \u0644\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 - \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u062F \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0627\u062A \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0629 - \u064A\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062D \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0645\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0646. \u062A\u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A 93\u066A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u062B \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 11.5 \u0645\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062F\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0631\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629 \u0648\u062D\u062F\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 2001 \u064A\u0628\u0644\u063A 80 \u0645\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u062D\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u062D\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0631\u0627\u062A. \u062A\u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0631\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062D\u0641 \u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u0645\u0646 85\u066A \u0645\u0646 \u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062D\u0627\u062B. \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0642\u062A\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062D\u064A\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u0628\u0629. \u062A\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062F\u0631 \u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0631 (Sources of laboratory animals) \u0628\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u061B \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u062A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0644\u063A\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062D\u062F\u062F\u060C \u0641\u064A \u062D\u064A\u0646 \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0635\u064A\u062F \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u062A\u0648\u0641\u064A\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A\u0646 \u064A\u062D\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062C\u0626 . \u064A\u062D\u062A\u062C \u0645\u0624\u064A\u062F\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060C \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062C\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u064A \u062A\u0642\u0631\u064A\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062A\u0645\u062F \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627. \u0627\u062D\u062A\u062C \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062F \u0623\u0628\u062D\u0627\u062B \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0639\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062D\u0627\u062B \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062C \u062D\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062F\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062F\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063A\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u062C\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0626\u0629. \u062A\u0634\u0643\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062A \u062D\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646 - \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0628\u064A\u062A\u0627 PETA \u0648BUAV - \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u062C\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064A\u062A\u0647\u060C \u0628\u062D\u062C\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0648\u0633\u064A\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0638\u064A\u0645\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u064F\u0636\u064E\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062A\u0639\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062B\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0623\u062B\u064A\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D\u062A \u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645\u0629\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0641 \u062A\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062F\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u062D\u0642\u064B\u0627 \u062C\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0628."@ar . "no"@en . . "\u52D5\u7269\u5B9F\u9A13"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La investigaci\u00F3 animal \u00E9s l'\u00FAs d'animals no humans en experiments cient\u00EDfics. Es calcula que cada any s'utilitzen entre 50 i 100 milions d'animals vertebrats (des de peixos zebra fins a primats no humans. Tot i que s'utilitzen nombres molt m\u00E9s grans d'invertebrats i que l'\u00FAs de mosques i cucs com a organismes model \u00E9s molt important, els experiments sobre invertebrats pr\u00E0cticament no estan regulats i no se'ls inclou en les estad\u00EDstiques. La majoria d'animals s\u00F3n sacrificats despr\u00E9s de fer-los servir en un experiment. L'origen dels animals de laboratori varia entre pa\u00EFsos i esp\u00E8cies; mentre que la majoria d'animals s\u00F3n criats expressament, d'altres poden ser capturats de la natura o subministrats per venedors que els obtenen de subhastes en refugis."@ca . "no"@en . . . . . "Early proponents"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Key texts"@en . . "\u041E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u044B \u043D\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445"@ru . "\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646"@ar . . . . "\u52D5\u7269\u5B9F\u9A13\uFF08\u3069\u3046\u3076\u3064\u3058\u3063\u3051\u3093\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5E83\u304F\u306F\u52D5\u7269\u3092\u4F7F\u3046\u5B9F\u9A13\u4E00\u822C\u3092\u6307\u3059\u304C\u3001\u666E\u901A\u306F\u30D2\u30C8\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u5371\u967A\u304C\u751F\u3058\u308B\u53EF\u80FD\u6027\u306E\u3042\u308B\u5316\u5B66\u7269\u8CEA\u3084\u6A5F\u5668\u3092\u3001\u30D2\u30C8\u306B\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308B\u524D\u306B\u307E\u305A\u52D5\u7269\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u3053\u308C\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u5B9F\u9A13\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u3002 \u533B\u7642\u6280\u8853\u3001\u85AC\u54C1\u3001\u5316\u7CA7\u54C1\u3084\u98DF\u54C1\u6DFB\u52A0\u7269\u306E\u4ED6\u306B\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308B\u7269\u8CEA\u306E\u5B89\u5168\u6027\u3084\u6709\u52B9\u6027\u3001\u64CD\u4F5C\u306E\u5371\u967A\u6027\u3092\u7814\u7A76\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u884C\u3046\u3002\u3084\u3080\u3092\u5F97\u305A\u4EBA\u4F53\u5B9F\u9A13\uFF08\u81E8\u5E8A\u8A66\u9A13\uFF09\u3092\u5B9F\u65BD\u305B\u3056\u308B\u3092\u5F97\u306A\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306B\u3001\u305D\u306E\u5B9F\u9A13\u3092\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u304B\u3064\u502B\u7406\u7684\u306B\u9069\u6B63\u306B\u5B9F\u65BD\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u3001\u4E8B\u524D\u306B\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u77E5\u898B\u3092\u53CE\u96C6\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u884C\u308F\u308C\u308B\u306E\u304C\u52D5\u7269\u5B9F\u9A13\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u3053\u306E\u6587\u8108\u3067\u306F\u524D\u81E8\u5E8A\u8A66\u9A13\u3084\u975E\u81E8\u5E8A\u8A66\u9A13\u3068\u3082\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A (Animal testing)\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A (animal experimentation)\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0648\u062B \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 (animal research)\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A (testing in vivo)\u060C \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0624\u062B\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0631\u0648\u0633. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u062A\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062C \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u062F\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0625\u062C\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0648\u062B \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062F\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u062E\u062F\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0627\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A. \u064A\u062E\u062A\u0644 \u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062E\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062D\u0627\u062B\u060C \u0641\u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u062B \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A (pure research)\u060C \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0637\u0648\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u060C \u0628\u064A\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u062B \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642\u064A \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062C\u0627"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Os testes com animais s\u00E3o experimentos realizados com a utiliza\u00E7\u00E3o de animais, chamados cobaias, a fim de produzir conhecimento cient\u00EDfico aos seres humanos, como a elabora\u00E7\u00E3o de novas drogas, novos m\u00E9todos cir\u00FArgicos, vacinas, terapia g\u00EAnica etc. Contudo, a legitimidade de tais testes \u00E9 pol\u00EAmica e frequentemente embates entre parte da comunidade cient\u00EDfica que apoia os teste e grupos de defesa dos direitos animais. Para a ind\u00FAstria de cosm\u00E9ticos, por exemplo, tais testes foram proibidos em toda a Uni\u00E3o Europeia no ano de 2013."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "background-color: #99BADD"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "background-color: #99BADD"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "175596"^^ . "A Wistar laboratory rat"@en . . "\u041E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u044B \u043D\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u2014 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u041F\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u043E\u0442 \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0443\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E 100-150 \u043C\u0438\u043B\u043B\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445. \u041D\u0435\u0441\u043C\u043E\u0442\u0440\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432 (\u0441\u043C. \u00AB\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C\u044B\u00BB), \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043A \u043D\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F, \u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F. \u0411\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u044B\u043F\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F. \u0411\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043B\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0442, \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u043B\u043E\u0432\u044F\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u043B\u0438\u0431\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u044E\u0442\u0430\u0445."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Djurf\u00F6rs\u00F6k eller djurtester \u00E4r ett samlingsnamn f\u00F6r anv\u00E4ndning av djur i forskningsverksamhet, i tester av \u00E4mnen och produkter, i utbildningssyfte s\u00E5v\u00E4l som vid diagnos av sjukdomar och tillverkning av biologiska produkter. Definitionen av djurf\u00F6rs\u00F6k varierar mellan olika l\u00E4nder."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Testowanie na zwierz\u0119tach \u2013 ka\u017Cda inwazyjna lub nieinwazyjna forma wykorzystywania zwierz\u0105t w celu realizacji okre\u015Blonego celu naukowego lub edukacyjnego, kt\u00F3ra mo\u017Ce spowodowa\u0107 u zwierz\u0119cia b\u00F3l, cierpienie, dystres lub trwa\u0142e uszkodzenie organizmu. S\u0105 to tak\u017Ce czynno\u015Bci maj\u0105ce na celu lub mog\u0105ce spowodowa\u0107 urodzenie si\u0119 lub wyl\u0119g zwierz\u0119cia albo powstanie i utrzymanie genetycznie zmodyfikowanej linii zwierz\u0105t w warunkach b\u00F3lu, cierpienia, dystresu lub trwa\u0142ego uszkodzenia organizmu. Zakres przedmiotowy eksperyment\u00F3w na zwierz\u0119tach jest niezwykle szeroki: testowanie kosmetyk\u00F3w, lek\u00F3w, paralek\u00F3w, badanie stan\u00F3w l\u0119kowych, depresji, agresji, wytrzyma\u0142o\u015Bci fizycznej, ocena skuteczno\u015Bci promieniowania radioaktywnego i ultrafioletowego, przyswajania \u015Brodk\u00F3w psychotropowych, wp\u0142yw alkoholu, sztuczne wywo\u0142ywanie zara\u017Ce\u0144 chorobami, transgeniczno\u015B\u0107. Szeroko zakrojone s\u0105 badania nad psychik\u0105 zwierz\u0105t."@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Een dierproef is een experiment dat wordt uitgevoerd op dieren. Vaak gaat het er om de veiligheid en werkzaamheid van medicijnen of andere producten te testen, soms om fundamenteel wetenschappelijk onderzoek. Volgens de Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit werden in Nederland in 2011 581.776 dieren gebruikt in dierproeven. De woorden \"proefdier\" en \"proefkonijn\" worden ook wel overdrachtelijk gebruikt voor de mens, ook als het niet gaat om het beproeven van medicijnen."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "200"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uB3D9\uBB3C \uC2E4\uD5D8(\u52D5\u7269\u5BE6\u9A57, \uC601\uC5B4: animal testing, animal experimentation, animal research, in vivo testing)\uC774\uB780 \uAD50\uC721\u00B7\uC2DC\uD5D8\u00B7\uC5F0\uAD6C \uBC0F \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC801 \uC81C\uC81C(\u88FD\u5291)\uC758 \uC0DD\uC0B0 \uB4F1 \uACFC\uD559\uC801 \uBAA9\uC801\uC744 \uC704\uD558\uC5EC \uC2E4\uD5D8\uB3D9\uBB3C\uC744 \uB300\uC0C1\uC73C\uB85C \uC2E4\uC2DC\uD558\uB294 \uC2E4\uD5D8 \uB610\uB294 \uADF8 \uACFC\uD559\uC801 \uC808\uCC28\uB97C \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC804 \uC138\uACC4\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uB9E4\uB144 \uC57D 6\uC5B5 \uB9C8\uB9AC\uC758 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uB4E4\uC774 \uC2E4\uD5D8 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uB85C \uC4F0\uC774\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4\uACE0 \uCD94\uC815\uB41C\uB2E4. \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC758 \uC2E4\uD5D8 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uB4E4\uC740 \uC2E4\uD5D8\uC774 \uB05D\uB09C \uB4A4 \uC548\uB77D\uC0AC\uB97C \uC2DC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uC2E4\uD5D8 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uB4E4\uC740 \uB300\uAC1C \uB300\uB7C9\uC73C\uB85C \uC0AC\uC721\uB418\uC9C0\uB9CC \uBA87\uBA87 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uB4E4\uC740 \uC57C\uC0DD\uC5D0\uC11C \uBD99\uC7A1\uD788\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4.\uC2E4\uD5D8\uC740 \uB300\uD559, \uBCD1\uC6D0, \uB18D\uC7A5 \uBFD0\uB9CC \uC544\uB2C8\uB77C \uC81C\uC57D \uD68C\uC0AC, \uD654\uC7A5\uD488 \uD68C\uC0AC, \uC2DD\uD488 \uD68C\uC0AC \uB4F1 \uB9CE\uC740 \uACF3\uC5D0\uC11C \uB3D9\uBB3C \uC2E4\uD5D8\uC740 \uAD11\uBC94\uC704\uD558\uAC8C \uC774\uB8E8\uC5B4\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC2E4\uD5D8\uC740 \uC720\uC804\uC801 \uD2B9\uC9D5, \uC131\uC7A5 \uACFC\uC815, \uD589\uB3D9 \uC591\uC2DD\uC744 \uAD00\uCC30\uD558\uB294 \uC21C\uC218 \uC870\uC0AC\uBFD0 \uC544\uB2C8\uB77C \uC774\uC885\uC774\uC2DD, \uC57D\uBB3C \uBC18\uC751 \uAC80\uC0AC, \uB3C5\uADF9\uBB3C \uBC18\uC751 \uAC80\uC0AC\uB4F1\uC5D0 \uC774\uC6A9\uB41C\uB2E4.\uB3D9\uBB3C\uC2E4\uD5D8\uC740 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC2DC\uD5D8\uB958 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uD575\uC2E4\uD5D8, \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC5F0\uAD6C, \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC0DD\uCCB4\uC2E4\uD5D8, \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC0DD\uCCB4\uD574\uBD80 \uB4F1\uC758 \uC6A9\uC5B4\uB294 \uC758\uBBF8\uB294 \uAC19\uC9C0\uB9CC \uB2E4\uB978 \uC5B4\uAC10\uC744 \uC9C0\uB2C8\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uBB38\uC790 \uADF8\uB300\uB85C \u201C\uB3D9\uBB3C\uC0DD\uCCB4\uD574\uBD80\u201D\uB294 \uC0B4\uC544\uC788\uB294 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC744 \u201C\uC870\uAC01 \uC870\uAC01 \uC790\uB974\uB294 \uAC83\u201D\uC744 \uC758\uBBF8\uD558\uACE0, \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC801\uC73C\uB85C\uB294 \uC0B4\uC544\uC788\uB294 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574 \"\uD574\uBD80\uB97C \uD589\uD588\uB358 \uC2E4\uD5D8\"\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC0DD\uCCB4\uC2E4\uD5D8, \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC0DD\uCCB4\uD574\uBD80 \uB4F1\uC758 \uC6A9\uC5B4\uB294 \uB54C\uB54C\uB85C \uC0B4\uC544\uC788\uB294 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC744 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD558\uB294 \uC2E4\uD5D8\uC744 \uACBD\uBA78\uC870\uB85C \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0AC \uB54C \uC4F0\uC778\uB2E4. \uC608\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4, \uBE0C\uB9AC\uD0DC\uB2C8\uCEE4 \uBC31\uACFC\uC0AC\uC804\uC740 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC0DD\uCCB4\uD574\uBD80\uB77C\uB294 \uC6A9\uC5B4\uB97C \u201C\uCE58\uB8CC\uAC00 \uC544\uB2CC \uC2E4\uD5D8\uC744 \uBAA9\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC0B4\uC544\uC788\uB294 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC744 \uC870\uC791\uD558\uB294 \uAC83; \uB354 \uB113\uAC8C\uB294 \uC0B4\uC544\uC788\uB294 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC2E4\uD5D8\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0B4\u201D\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uC815\uC758\uD558\uB294\uB370, \uC625\uC2A4\uD37C\uB4DC \uD3EC\uCF13 \uC601\uC5B4\uC0AC\uC804\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \u201C\uC2E4\uD5D8\uC744 \uBAA9\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC0B4\uC544\uC788\uB294 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC744 \uC870\uC791\uD558\uB294 \uC77C\uC5D0 \uBC18\uB300\uD558\uB294 \uC0AC\uB78C\uB4E4 \uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0\uC11C\uB9CC \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uB294 \uB9D0\u201D\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uB2E8\uC11C\uB97C \uB2EC\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4.\uC601\uC5B4\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC0DD\uCCB4\uC2E4\uD5D8\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uC6A9\uC5B4\uB294 \uACE0\uBB38, \uACE0\uD1B5, \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC8FD\uC74C\uACFC \uAC19\uC774 \uBD80\uC815\uC801\uC778 \uC5B4\uAC10\uC744 \uB2F4\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uACB0\uAD6D \uC601\uC5B4\uAD8C\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC0DD\uCCB4\uC2E4\uD5D8\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uC6A9\uC5B4\uB294 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC744 \uC774\uC6A9\uD55C \uC5F0\uAD6C\uC5D0 \uBC18\uB300\uD558\uB294 \uC0AC\uB78C\uB4E4\uC774 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD558\uACE0 \uACFC\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC740 \uB300\uCCB4\uB85C \u2018\uB3D9\uBB3C \uC2E4\uD5D8\u2019\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uB9D0\uC744 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD55C\uB2E4\uACE0 \uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . "Con sperimentazione animale s'intende l'utilizzo scientifico a scopo di studio e ricerca di animali, per esempio in ambito farmacologico, fisiologico, fisiopatologico, biomedico e biologico. La sperimentazione animale pu\u00F2 essere di base (ad esempio la ricerca che si basa sulla mera osservazione di una caratteristica biologica della specie animale studiata o applicata cio\u00E8 quando l'animale viene usato come modello al fine di comprendere meglio una determinata caratteristica biologica di un'altra specie, per lo pi\u00F9 quella umana. La sperimentazione include quindi la pura ricerca come quella genetica, la biologia dello sviluppo, gli studi comportamentali, le ricerche biomediche e i test tossicologici. La sperimentazione animale viene condotta in universit\u00E0, scuole di medicina, aziende farmaceutiche, fattorie, e anche in ambito militare e industriale. Nel mondo si stima che il numero di vertebrati (dal pesce zebra ai primati usati per esperimenti sia compreso tra 10 e gli oltre 100 milioni all'anno. In questo numero non sono inclusi gli invertebrati; il numero di ratti e topi, usati negli Stati Uniti nel 2001, \u00E8 stimato in 80 milioni di unit\u00E0. Al 2008, in Europa, i vertebrati maggiormente usati erano i topi (59,30% quindi i ratti (17,70% e a seguire animali a sangue freddo (9,6% e quindi uccelli (6,3%. La stragrande maggioranza della comunit\u00E0 scientifica ritiene ad oggi necessario il ricorso alla sperimentazione animale. La Royal Society spiega che virtualmente tutti i successi medici raggiunti nel XX secolo sono dovuti all'impiego di animali, e la statunitense National Academy of Sciences a sua volta spiega che anche i computer pi\u00F9 sofisticati non possono riprodurre le interazioni che sussistono tra le cellule, organi, molecole, ecc., rendendo quindi necessario l'uso degli animali in molti campi di ricerca. Nel maggio del 2015, la rivista Nature, con un editoriale di , sottolinea come proibire i test sugli animali metta in pericolo la stessa scienza."@it . . . . . . . . "Dierproef"@nl . . . . . "Testowanie na zwierz\u0119tach"@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Animal testing, science, medicine, animal welfare, animal rights, ethics"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L\u2019exp\u00E9rimentation animale consiste \u00E0 utiliser des animaux comme substitut ou \u00AB mod\u00E8le \u00BB, pour mieux comprendre la physiologie d'un organisme et ses r\u00E9ponses \u00E0 divers facteurs (alimentation, environnement, agents pathog\u00E8nes) ou substances (pour en tester, v\u00E9rifier ou \u00E9valuer l'efficacit\u00E9, l'innocuit\u00E9 ou la toxicit\u00E9), et tout particuli\u00E8rement pour tenter de pr\u00E9voir ce qui se passe chez l'Homme."@fr . . . . . . "Pokusy na zv\u00ED\u0159atech nebo t\u00E9\u017E experimenty na zv\u00ED\u0159atech jsou \u010Dlov\u011Bkem c\u00EDlen\u011B prov\u00E1d\u011Bn\u00E9 \u00FAkony na zv\u00ED\u0159atech za n\u011Bjak\u00FDm \u00FA\u010Delem. Pou\u017Eit\u00ED zv\u00ED\u0159at v pokusech bylo a st\u00E1le je ned\u00EDlnou sou\u010D\u00E1st\u00ED pozn\u00E1n\u00ED \u010Dlov\u011Bka a stoj\u00ED za pokrokem v medic\u00EDn\u011B a cel\u00E9 \u0159ad\u011B dal\u0161\u00EDch p\u0159\u00EDrodn\u00EDch obor\u016F. D\u00EDky st\u00E1le diskutovan\u00E9 etice pokus\u016F na zv\u00ED\u0159atech doch\u00E1z\u00ED i v t\u00E9to oblasti k \u0159ad\u00E1m zm\u011Bn. V legislativ\u011B ukotven\u00E1 ochrana pr\u00E1v zv\u00ED\u0159at, pou\u017Eit\u00ED anestezie a analgezie p\u0159i experimentech nebo nahrazen\u00ED pokus\u016F alternativn\u00EDmi metodami vedlo k redukci po\u010Dtu pokus\u016F, odstran\u011Bn\u00ED nehum\u00E1nn\u00EDho zach\u00E1zen\u00ED anebo \u00FApln\u00E9mu z\u00E1kazu pou\u017Eit\u00ED lidoop\u016F v pokusech ve v\u011Bt\u0161in\u011B vysp\u011Bl\u00FDch zem\u00ED."@cs . . . . . . . . . . "Pokusy na zv\u00ED\u0159atech nebo t\u00E9\u017E experimenty na zv\u00ED\u0159atech jsou \u010Dlov\u011Bkem c\u00EDlen\u011B prov\u00E1d\u011Bn\u00E9 \u00FAkony na zv\u00ED\u0159atech za n\u011Bjak\u00FDm \u00FA\u010Delem. Pou\u017Eit\u00ED zv\u00ED\u0159at v pokusech bylo a st\u00E1le je ned\u00EDlnou sou\u010D\u00E1st\u00ED pozn\u00E1n\u00ED \u010Dlov\u011Bka a stoj\u00ED za pokrokem v medic\u00EDn\u011B a cel\u00E9 \u0159ad\u011B dal\u0161\u00EDch p\u0159\u00EDrodn\u00EDch obor\u016F. D\u00EDky st\u00E1le diskutovan\u00E9 etice pokus\u016F na zv\u00ED\u0159atech doch\u00E1z\u00ED i v t\u00E9to oblasti k \u0159ad\u00E1m zm\u011Bn. V legislativ\u011B ukotven\u00E1 ochrana pr\u00E1v zv\u00ED\u0159at, pou\u017Eit\u00ED anestezie a analgezie p\u0159i experimentech nebo nahrazen\u00ED pokus\u016F alternativn\u00EDmi metodami vedlo k redukci po\u010Dtu pokus\u016F, odstran\u011Bn\u00ED nehum\u00E1nn\u00EDho zach\u00E1zen\u00ED anebo \u00FApln\u00E9mu z\u00E1kazu pou\u017Eit\u00ED lidoop\u016F v pokusech ve v\u011Bt\u0161in\u011B vysp\u011Bl\u00FDch zem\u00ED."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Os testes com animais s\u00E3o experimentos realizados com a utiliza\u00E7\u00E3o de animais, chamados cobaias, a fim de produzir conhecimento cient\u00EDfico aos seres humanos, como a elabora\u00E7\u00E3o de novas drogas, novos m\u00E9todos cir\u00FArgicos, vacinas, terapia g\u00EAnica etc. Contudo, a legitimidade de tais testes \u00E9 pol\u00EAmica e frequentemente embates entre parte da comunidade cient\u00EDfica que apoia os teste e grupos de defesa dos direitos animais. Para a ind\u00FAstria de cosm\u00E9ticos, por exemplo, tais testes foram proibidos em toda a Uni\u00E3o Europeia no ano de 2013. Contudo, com a presen\u00E7a cada vez maior de novas formula\u00E7\u00F5es farmac\u00EAuticas que possuem em sua f\u00F3rmula medicamentos, essa separa\u00E7\u00E3o entre cosm\u00E9tico para fins puramente est\u00E9ticos e cosm\u00E9tico com a\u00E7\u00E3o terap\u00EAutica fica cada vez mais dif\u00EDcil de ser caracterizada. A exemplo temos os protetores solares que, pela defini\u00E7\u00E3o de medicamento, tratam profilaxia de melanoma. Para diferenciar cosm\u00E9tico de medicamentos que atuam como cosm\u00E9ticos, deram-se o nome de dermocosm\u00E9ticos, eles possuem ativos farmacol\u00F3gicos que agem nas partes mais profundas da pele. Tais produtos s\u00E3o classificados como cosm\u00E9ticos, mas precisam de comprova\u00E7\u00E3o cient\u00EDfica. Os dermocosm\u00E9ticos ficam entre um cosm\u00E9tico e um medicamento. Diversos grupos atuam na liberta\u00E7\u00E3o desses animais, seja por meio da invas\u00E3o dos laborat\u00F3rios, como o grupo brit\u00E2nico ALF, seja atuando na divulga\u00E7\u00E3o das condi\u00E7\u00F5es que tais animais s\u00E3o submetidos, como o trabalho do fot\u00F3grafo brasileiro Jon Amad. No Brasil, essas atividades s\u00E3o reguladas pelo Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimenta\u00E7\u00E3o Animal (CONCEA, ligado ao Minist\u00E9rio da Ci\u00EAncia, Tecnologia, Inova\u00E7\u00F5es e Comunica\u00E7\u00F5es \u2013 MCTIC, que normatiza o uso de animais em ensino ou pesquisa cient\u00EDfica, principalmente, no que concerne ao controle e ao credenciamento das institui\u00E7\u00F5es que criam, mant\u00EAm ou utilizam animais para ensino ou pesquisa cient\u00EDfica no Pa\u00EDs."@pt . . . . . . . "Pokusy na zv\u00ED\u0159atech"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Djurf\u00F6rs\u00F6k eller djurtester \u00E4r ett samlingsnamn f\u00F6r anv\u00E4ndning av djur i forskningsverksamhet, i tester av \u00E4mnen och produkter, i utbildningssyfte s\u00E5v\u00E4l som vid diagnos av sjukdomar och tillverkning av biologiska produkter. Definitionen av djurf\u00F6rs\u00F6k varierar mellan olika l\u00E4nder."@sv . . . . . "Exp\u00E9rimentation animale"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Een dierproef is een experiment dat wordt uitgevoerd op dieren. Vaak gaat het er om de veiligheid en werkzaamheid van medicijnen of andere producten te testen, soms om fundamenteel wetenschappelijk onderzoek. Volgens de Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit werden in Nederland in 2011 581.776 dieren gebruikt in dierproeven. De Europese (waaronder Belgische en Nederlandse) wetgeving schrijft voor dat het welzijn van proefdieren te allen tijde zo veel mogelijk gewaarborgd wordt, om onnodig lijden te voorkomen. Voordat proefdieren gebruikt mogen worden, moet een aanvraag hiertoe voorgelegd worden aan een ethische commissie. Hierin moeten het aantal en de keuze van de proefdieren zorgvuldig beargumenteerd worden. De wet verbiedt het gebruik van dieren als er alternatieve methoden bestaan. Concrete voorschriften over het gebruik van dieren voor het testen van geneesmiddelen worden internationaal afgesproken in het kader van de International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). De woorden \"proefdier\" en \"proefkonijn\" worden ook wel overdrachtelijk gebruikt voor de mens, ook als het niet gaat om het beproeven van medicijnen."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u044B \u043D\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u2014 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u041F\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u043E\u0442 \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0443\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E 100-150 \u043C\u0438\u043B\u043B\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445. \u041D\u0435\u0441\u043C\u043E\u0442\u0440\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432 (\u0441\u043C. \u00AB\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C\u044B\u00BB), \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043A \u043D\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F, \u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F. \u0411\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u044B\u043F\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F. \u0411\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043B\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0442, \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u043B\u043E\u0432\u044F\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u043B\u0438\u0431\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u044E\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u041E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u044B \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0443\u043D\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0445, \u0444\u0430\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F\u0445, \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u043E\u0437\u044F\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043F\u0440\u0438\u044F\u0442\u0438\u044F\u0445 \u0438 \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043B\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F\u0445 (\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043D\u0443\u0436\u0434\u044B \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u044B\u0448\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438).\u041E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u044B \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A \u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0435, \u0431\u0438\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044F, \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445, \u043A\u0441\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043F\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043B\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0442\u043E\u043A\u0441\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u043E\u0432 (\u0432 \u0442\u043E\u043C \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0441\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u044B\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0445\u0438\u043C\u0438\u0438). \u0416\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0442 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u0432 \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F\u0445. \u0421\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432 \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043D\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u043A\u0430\u043A\u0438\u043C-\u043B\u0438\u0431\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043C \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u0442 \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u043D\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445. \u0418\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043B\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u041D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u043A\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u044B \u043D\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043D\u0435 \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u043D\u044B \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0436\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u044C\u044E\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043C\u0438, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u043D\u0435 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043D\u044B \u0441\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044B\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043D\u043E \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0436\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B, \u043A\u043B\u0435\u0442\u043E\u043A, \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432, \u0442\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0435\u0439, \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044B. \u041E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0438 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u043B\u0430\u0433\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u2014 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0438\u0435, \u043A\u0430\u043A PETA \u0438 BUAV \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044F\u0442 \u043F\u043E\u0434 \u0432\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u043D\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044F, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043E\u043D\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043F\u043B\u043E\u0445\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043B\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043E\u0432 \u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u043D\u0435 \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043D\u0430\u0434\u0451\u0436\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044C \u044D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442\u044B \u0443 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043B\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044B \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044B\u0448\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438, \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0442\u044A\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043C\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0432 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0445\u043E\u0434\u0435 \u044D\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432."@ru . "\u52D5\u7269\u5B9F\u9A13\uFF08\u3069\u3046\u3076\u3064\u3058\u3063\u3051\u3093\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5E83\u304F\u306F\u52D5\u7269\u3092\u4F7F\u3046\u5B9F\u9A13\u4E00\u822C\u3092\u6307\u3059\u304C\u3001\u666E\u901A\u306F\u30D2\u30C8\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u5371\u967A\u304C\u751F\u3058\u308B\u53EF\u80FD\u6027\u306E\u3042\u308B\u5316\u5B66\u7269\u8CEA\u3084\u6A5F\u5668\u3092\u3001\u30D2\u30C8\u306B\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308B\u524D\u306B\u307E\u305A\u52D5\u7269\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u3053\u308C\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u5B9F\u9A13\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u3002 \u533B\u7642\u6280\u8853\u3001\u85AC\u54C1\u3001\u5316\u7CA7\u54C1\u3084\u98DF\u54C1\u6DFB\u52A0\u7269\u306E\u4ED6\u306B\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308B\u7269\u8CEA\u306E\u5B89\u5168\u6027\u3084\u6709\u52B9\u6027\u3001\u64CD\u4F5C\u306E\u5371\u967A\u6027\u3092\u7814\u7A76\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u884C\u3046\u3002\u3084\u3080\u3092\u5F97\u305A\u4EBA\u4F53\u5B9F\u9A13\uFF08\u81E8\u5E8A\u8A66\u9A13\uFF09\u3092\u5B9F\u65BD\u305B\u3056\u308B\u3092\u5F97\u306A\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306B\u3001\u305D\u306E\u5B9F\u9A13\u3092\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u304B\u3064\u502B\u7406\u7684\u306B\u9069\u6B63\u306B\u5B9F\u65BD\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u3001\u4E8B\u524D\u306B\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u77E5\u898B\u3092\u53CE\u96C6\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u884C\u308F\u308C\u308B\u306E\u304C\u52D5\u7269\u5B9F\u9A13\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u3053\u306E\u6587\u8108\u3067\u306F\u524D\u81E8\u5E8A\u8A66\u9A13\u3084\u975E\u81E8\u5E8A\u8A66\u9A13\u3068\u3082\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u52D5\u7269\u8A66\u9A57"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0445"@uk . . . . . . . "Modern proponents"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u52D5\u7269\u8A66\u9A57\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aanimal testing\uFF09\u3001\u52D5\u7269\u5BE6\u9A57\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aanimal experimentation\uFF09\u6216\u52A8\u7269\u7814\u7A76\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aanimal research\uFF09\uFF0C\u662F\u6307\u5229\u7528\u4EBA\u985E\u4EE5\u5916\u7684\u52D5\u7269\u9032\u884C\u79D1\u5B78\u5BE6\u9A57\uFF0C\u4EE5\u9A57\u8B49\u500B\u5225\u56E0\u7D20\u5C0D\u63A5\u53D7\u6E2C\u8A66\u7684\u52D5\u7269\u5728\u751F\u7406\u6216\u884C\u70BA\u4E0A\u7684\u5F71\u97FF\uFF0C\u4E26\u8207\u540C\u7A2E\u985E\u4E4B\u751F\u7269\u5728\u81EA\u7136\u74B0\u5883\u4E0B\u7684\u72C0\u614B\u9032\u884C\u6BD4\u5C0D\u3002\u7528\u4E8E\u52A8\u7269\u5B9E\u9A8C\u7684\u52A8\u7269\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u5B9E\u9A8C\u52A8\u7269\u201D\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Alaboratory animals\uFF09\u3002\u5176\u76EE\u7684\u662F\u4E3A\u4E86\u751F\u7406\u5B66\u3001\u75C5\u7406\u5B66\u6216\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u3002\u52A8\u7269\u7684\u5B9E\u9A8C\u7814\u7A76\u901A\u5E38\u5728\u7EFC\u5408\u5927\u5B66\u3001\u533B\u5B66\u9662\u3001\u5236\u836F\u516C\u53F8\u3001\u56FD\u9632\u673A\u6784\u4EE5\u53CA\u4E3A\u5404\u884C\u5404\u4E1A\u63D0\u4F9B\u52A8\u7269\u6D4B\u8BD5\u670D\u52A1\u7684\u5546\u4E1A\u8BBE\u65BD\u4E2D\u8FDB\u884C\u3002\u52A8\u7269\u8BD5\u9A8C\u7684\u91CD\u70B9\u5728\u4E8E\u7EAF\u7CB9\u7814\u7A76\u7684\u8FDE\u7EED\u6027\uFF0C\u4FA7\u91CD\u4E8E\u53D1\u5C55\u6709\u673A\u4F53\u7684\u57FA\u7840\u77E5\u8BC6\u3001\u5E94\u7528\u7814\u7A76\uFF0C\u4E5F\u53EF\u80FD\u4FA7\u91CD\u4E8E\u56DE\u7B54\u4E00\u4E9B\u5177\u6709\u91CD\u5927\u5B9E\u9645\u610F\u4E49\u7684\u95EE\u9898\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\u5BFB\u627E\u6CBB\u6108\u75BE\u75C5\u7684\u65B9\u6CD5\u3002\u8FD9\u9879\u7814\u7A76\u5E94\u7528\u7684\u5177\u4F53\u4F8B\u5B50\u5305\u62EC\u6D4B\u8BD5\u75BE\u75C5\u7684\u6CBB\u7597\u65B9\u6CD5\u3001\u9009\u80B2\u3001\u56FD\u9632\u7814\u7A76\u548C\uFF0C\u751A\u81F3\u8FD8\u5305\u62EC\u5316\u5986\u54C1\u6D4B\u8BD5\u3002\u5728\u6559\u80B2\u9886\u57DF\uFF0C\u52A8\u7269\u8BD5\u9A8C\u6709\u65F6\u4E5F\u662F\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u6216\u8005\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u8BFE\u7A0B\u7684\u4E00\u90E8\u5206\u3002\u8FD9\u4E9B\u5B9E\u8DF5\u64CD\u4F5C\u5728\u4E0D\u540C\u56FD\u5BB6\u53D7\u5230\u4E0D\u540C\u7A0B\u5EA6\u7684\u76D1\u7BA1\u3002 \u636E\u4F30\u8BA1\uFF0C\u810A\u690E\u52A8\u7269\u5728\u52A8\u7269\u8BD5\u9A8C\u4E2D\u6BCF\u5E74\u7684\u4F7F\u7528\u91CF\u2014\u2014\u4ECE\u6591\u9A6C\u9C7C\u5230\u975E\u4EBA\u7C7B\u7075\u957F\u7C7B\u52A8\u7269\u2014\u2014\u5176\u8303\u56F4\u4ECE\u6570\u4EBF\u5230\u5341\u6570\u4EBF\u3002\u5728\u6B27\u76DF\uFF0C\u810A\u690E\u52A8\u7269\u7269\u79CD\u5360\u7814\u7A76\u4E2D\u4F7F\u7528\u52A8\u7269\u768493\uFF05\uFF0C2011\u5E74\u4F7F\u7528\u4E861150\u4E07\u53EA\u52A8\u7269\u3002\u636E\u4F30\u8BA1\uFF0C2001\u5E74\u4EC5\u5728\u7F8E\u56FD\u4F7F\u7528\u7684\u5C0F\u9F20\u548C\u5927\u9F20\u7684\u6570\u91CF\u4E3A8000\u4E07\u53EA\u3002\u5C0F\u9F20\u3001\u5927\u9F20\u3001\u9C7C\u7C7B\u3001\u4E24\u6816\u52A8\u7269\u548C\u722C\u884C\u52A8\u7269\u603B\u5171\u5360\u7814\u7A76\u4F7F\u7528\u52A8\u7269\u603B\u6570\u768485\uFF05\u4EE5\u4E0A\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uB3D9\uBB3C \uC2E4\uD5D8"@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La investigaci\u00F3 animal \u00E9s l'\u00FAs d'animals no humans en experiments cient\u00EDfics. Es calcula que cada any s'utilitzen entre 50 i 100 milions d'animals vertebrats (des de peixos zebra fins a primats no humans. Tot i que s'utilitzen nombres molt m\u00E9s grans d'invertebrats i que l'\u00FAs de mosques i cucs com a organismes model \u00E9s molt important, els experiments sobre invertebrats pr\u00E0cticament no estan regulats i no se'ls inclou en les estad\u00EDstiques. La majoria d'animals s\u00F3n sacrificats despr\u00E9s de fer-los servir en un experiment. L'origen dels animals de laboratori varia entre pa\u00EFsos i esp\u00E8cies; mentre que la majoria d'animals s\u00F3n criats expressament, d'altres poden ser capturats de la natura o subministrats per venedors que els obtenen de subhastes en refugis."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Testowanie na zwierz\u0119tach \u2013 ka\u017Cda inwazyjna lub nieinwazyjna forma wykorzystywania zwierz\u0105t w celu realizacji okre\u015Blonego celu naukowego lub edukacyjnego, kt\u00F3ra mo\u017Ce spowodowa\u0107 u zwierz\u0119cia b\u00F3l, cierpienie, dystres lub trwa\u0142e uszkodzenie organizmu. S\u0105 to tak\u017Ce czynno\u015Bci maj\u0105ce na celu lub mog\u0105ce spowodowa\u0107 urodzenie si\u0119 lub wyl\u0119g zwierz\u0119cia albo powstanie i utrzymanie genetycznie zmodyfikowanej linii zwierz\u0105t w warunkach b\u00F3lu, cierpienia, dystresu lub trwa\u0142ego uszkodzenia organizmu."@pl . . "width:10em; font-size:85%;"@en . . . . . . . . . "Sperimentazione animale"@it . "Uji coba hewan merupakan kegiatan yang melibatkan hewan sebagai objek dari eksperimen. Beberapa istilah yang berkaitan dengan uji coba hewan antara lain eksperimen pada hewan, penelitian pada hewan, uji coba in-vivo dan vivisection. Uji coba hewan dilakukan pada penelitian dasar dan terapan (biomedis), pengujian obat-obatan, pengujian zat-zat biologis, serta bertujuan sebagai sarana pendidikan.Hewan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai objek pengujian adalah hewan yang bebas dari mikroorganisme patogen, memiliki reaksi imunitas yang baik, kepekaan pada suatu penyakit, dan performa atau anatomi tubuh hewan percobaan dikaitkan dengan sistem genetiknya. Hewan yang banyak digunakan pada percobaan ialah mencit (Mus musculus) sekitar 40%, tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus), kelinci (Oryclolagus cunucilus), hamster, dan primata. Terdapat konsep 3Rs yaitu replacement (penggantian), reduction (pengurangan), dan refinement (perbaikan) sebagai parameter penggunaan hewan dalam penelitian. Uji coba pada hewan perlu dilakukan sesuai etik antara lain cara memperoleh hewan percobaan, transportasi, perkandangan, kondisi lingkungan, makanan, perawatan, pengawasan oleh dokter hewan, dan teknik pelaksanaan uji coba dengan anastesi agar tidak menimbulkan rasa nyeri."@in . "Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in their natural environments or habitats. Experimental research with animals is usually conducted in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, defense establishments and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry. The focus of animal testing varies on a continuum from pure research, focusing on developing fundamental knowledge of an organism, to applied research, which may focus on answering some question of great practical importance, suc"@en . "Around 50\u2013100 million vertebrate animals are used in experiments annually."@en . . . . . . . . . "\uB3D9\uBB3C \uC2E4\uD5D8(\u52D5\u7269\u5BE6\u9A57, \uC601\uC5B4: animal testing, animal experimentation, animal research, in vivo testing)\uC774\uB780 \uAD50\uC721\u00B7\uC2DC\uD5D8\u00B7\uC5F0\uAD6C \uBC0F \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC801 \uC81C\uC81C(\u88FD\u5291)\uC758 \uC0DD\uC0B0 \uB4F1 \uACFC\uD559\uC801 \uBAA9\uC801\uC744 \uC704\uD558\uC5EC \uC2E4\uD5D8\uB3D9\uBB3C\uC744 \uB300\uC0C1\uC73C\uB85C \uC2E4\uC2DC\uD558\uB294 \uC2E4\uD5D8 \uB610\uB294 \uADF8 \uACFC\uD559\uC801 \uC808\uCC28\uB97C \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC804 \uC138\uACC4\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uB9E4\uB144 \uC57D 6\uC5B5 \uB9C8\uB9AC\uC758 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uB4E4\uC774 \uC2E4\uD5D8 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uB85C \uC4F0\uC774\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4\uACE0 \uCD94\uC815\uB41C\uB2E4. \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC758 \uC2E4\uD5D8 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uB4E4\uC740 \uC2E4\uD5D8\uC774 \uB05D\uB09C \uB4A4 \uC548\uB77D\uC0AC\uB97C \uC2DC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uC2E4\uD5D8 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uB4E4\uC740 \uB300\uAC1C \uB300\uB7C9\uC73C\uB85C \uC0AC\uC721\uB418\uC9C0\uB9CC \uBA87\uBA87 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uB4E4\uC740 \uC57C\uC0DD\uC5D0\uC11C \uBD99\uC7A1\uD788\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4.\uC2E4\uD5D8\uC740 \uB300\uD559, \uBCD1\uC6D0, \uB18D\uC7A5 \uBFD0\uB9CC \uC544\uB2C8\uB77C \uC81C\uC57D \uD68C\uC0AC, \uD654\uC7A5\uD488 \uD68C\uC0AC, \uC2DD\uD488 \uD68C\uC0AC \uB4F1 \uB9CE\uC740 \uACF3\uC5D0\uC11C \uB3D9\uBB3C \uC2E4\uD5D8\uC740 \uAD11\uBC94\uC704\uD558\uAC8C \uC774\uB8E8\uC5B4\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC2E4\uD5D8\uC740 \uC720\uC804\uC801 \uD2B9\uC9D5, \uC131\uC7A5 \uACFC\uC815, \uD589\uB3D9 \uC591\uC2DD\uC744 \uAD00\uCC30\uD558\uB294 \uC21C\uC218 \uC870\uC0AC\uBFD0 \uC544\uB2C8\uB77C \uC774\uC885\uC774\uC2DD, \uC57D\uBB3C \uBC18\uC751 \uAC80\uC0AC, \uB3C5\uADF9\uBB3C \uBC18\uC751 \uAC80\uC0AC\uB4F1\uC5D0 \uC774\uC6A9\uB41C\uB2E4.\uB3D9\uBB3C\uC2E4\uD5D8\uC740 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC2DC\uD5D8\uB958 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uD575\uC2E4\uD5D8, \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC5F0\uAD6C, \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC0DD\uCCB4\uC2E4\uD5D8, \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC0DD\uCCB4\uD574\uBD80 \uB4F1\uC758 \uC6A9\uC5B4\uB294 \uC758\uBBF8\uB294 \uAC19\uC9C0\uB9CC \uB2E4\uB978 \uC5B4\uAC10\uC744 \uC9C0\uB2C8\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uBB38\uC790 \uADF8\uB300\uB85C \u201C\uB3D9\uBB3C\uC0DD\uCCB4\uD574\uBD80\u201D\uB294 \uC0B4\uC544\uC788\uB294 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC744 \u201C\uC870\uAC01 \uC870\uAC01 \uC790\uB974\uB294 \uAC83\u201D\uC744 \uC758\uBBF8\uD558\uACE0, \uC5ED\uC0AC\uC801\uC73C\uB85C\uB294 \uC0B4\uC544\uC788\uB294 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574 \"\uD574\uBD80\uB97C \uD589\uD588\uB358 \uC2E4\uD5D8\"\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A8\uB2E4."@ko . . . "Testes com animais"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D \u0432 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u041F\u0456\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043E, \u0449\u043E \u0449\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F 50-100 \u043C\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0439\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0432 \u0445\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D. \u041D\u0435\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0447\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043D\u044F\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0445\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0435\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0456\u0432 (\u0434\u0438\u0432. \u00AB\u041C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0437\u043C\u00BB), \u0457\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0436\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043C \u043D\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F, \u0430 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0456\u043A \u0457\u0445\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0457 \u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F. \u0411\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D \u043F\u0456\u0441\u043B\u044F \u0434\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043F\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F. \u0411\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043B\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0442\u044C, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043B\u043E\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0456[\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043B\u043E?] \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043A\u0443\u043F\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445[\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043B\u043E?] \u0456 \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u043B\u043A\u0430\u0445.[\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043B\u043E?]"@uk . . "Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in their natural environments or habitats. Experimental research with animals is usually conducted in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, defense establishments and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry. The focus of animal testing varies on a continuum from pure research, focusing on developing fundamental knowledge of an organism, to applied research, which may focus on answering some question of great practical importance, such as finding a cure for a disease. Examples of applied research include testing disease treatments, breeding, defense research and toxicology, including cosmetics testing. In education, animal testing is sometimes a component of biology or psychology courses. The practice is regulated to varying degrees in different countries. It was estimated in 2010 that the annual use of vertebrate animals\u2014from zebrafish to non-human primates\u2014ranges from tens to more than 100 million. In the European Union, vertebrate species represent 93% of animals used in research, and 11.5 million animals were used there in 2011. By one estimate the number of mice and rats used in the United States alone in 2001 was 80 million. In 2013 it was reported that mice, rats, fish, amphibians and reptiles together accounted for over 85% of research animals."@en . . "Tierversuch"@de . . . . . "Uji coba hewan"@in .